Cockpit Procedures

R. Burger Chris

Description

How-to guide for what you should be doing in the cockpit during each phase of flightWritten by an experienced instructor and pilot examiner, Cockpit Procedures: Effective Routines for Pilots and Virtual Aviators provides a solid understanding of the underlying principles for, and detailed descriptions of the checklists and routines used in many flight schools. Readers will find it contains a practical definition of airmanship, and covers what good habits to develop, effective workload management, and even what you should have in your flight bag. Cockpit Procedures is about cockpit actions and thinking, giving readers the rationale behind common procedures that are standard practice in the training environment and in the airlines.Both airplanes and helicopters are covered, delivering the essential aspects of effective training: technical knowledge, practical application and context learning. Cockpit Procedures targets the pilot just beginning his/her career, yet many of the philosophies and practical techniques taught here are so fundamental and powerful they will carry a pilot right through to retirement. While encouraging structure and discipline regarding procedures, the author does not merely check off lists of dry facts-Cockpit Procedures is also fun to read and Chris Burger keeps his readers focused with lively description and his knack for getting down to essentials in such a way that they stay with you.Getting the most from Cockpit Procedures:Student pilots can read the book repeatedly to reinforce the routines that their flight instructors are trying to teach them. Arriving prepared is the best way to obtain maximum benefit from expensive flight instruction.Certificated pilots can learn to become more methodical, reducing the chances of missing important cues when things go wrong. They can also become more adaptable, easing the transition into other, more complex aircraft.Flight instructors can use the book to great effect to improve their students' performance in the cockpit, and to standardize operations in a flight school to improve cooperation among instructors.Virtual aviators can learn to conduct a flight with maximum realism, using actual procedures used in the cockpits of real airplanes and helicopters.

Informations

• Publié par: Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc.
• Date de parution: 02 décembre 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781644251348
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 6 Mo

Extrait

Effective Routines for Pilots and COCKPIT Virtual Aviators PROCEDURES Chris R. Burger

Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. Newcastle, Washington

Cockpit Procedures: Effective routines for pilots and virtual aviators by Chris R. Burger

Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. 7005132ndPlaceSE Newcastle, Washington 98059 [e-mail] | 425-235-1500 | asa2fly.com

©2008ChrisR.Burger eBook edition published 2021 by Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc.

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and Chris R. Burger assume no responsibility for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

None of the material in this book supersedes any operational documents or procedures issued by the Federal Aviation Administration, aircraft and avionics manufacturers, flight schools, or the operators of aircraft.

ASA-COCKPIT-P-PD ISBN 978-1-64425-134-8

Additional formats available: Softcover ISBN 978-1-56027-721-7 eBook EPUB ISBN 978-1-64425-133-1

iiCockpit Procedures

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Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Acknowledgments and About the Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.1 The Reason for this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 The Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 How to Use this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

The Use of Checklists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Normal Procedures for Airplanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 3.1฀Why฀a฀Preight฀Inspection?5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Dividing the Controls into Panels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 3.3 Different Ways of Scanning the Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.4฀The฀Preight฀Inspection12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 The Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.6฀The฀Taxi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.7 At the Holding Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.8The฀Takeoff41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9฀Cruise43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 The Approach and Landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.11 After Landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.12 Summary of Normal Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Abnormal Procedures for Airplanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 4.1 Preparation for Aerobatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.2 The Stall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.3 The Spin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.4 When Uncertain of Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.5 Precautionary Landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.6฀Radio฀Communications฀Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 4.7 Summary of Abnormal Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Emergency Procedures for Airplanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 5.1 General Priorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 5.2 Fires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 5.3 Brake Failure (on the Ground) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

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5.4 Engine Failure: SingleEngine Airplanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 5.5 Engine Failure: MultiEngine Airplanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 5.6฀Oil฀Pressure฀Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.7 Crashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Helicopter Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 6.1Alternating฀between฀Categories75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2฀secorPrudeicopter฀Hel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.3฀The฀Preight฀Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.4Startup฀and฀Flight7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6.5฀Helicopter฀Airmanship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Airmanship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 7.1 What Airmanship Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 7.2 Some Good Habits to Cultivate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 7.3 What to have in your Flight Bag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 7.4 Aiming the Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 7.5 Managing Risky Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 7.6฀Managing฀Workload. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 7.7 Your Locus of Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

Denitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

Appendix A: Your Aircraft’s Handbooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Using the Manuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Flight Manual Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Speed Ranges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Advisory Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Landing Advisories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Appendix B: Checklists for Light Airplanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Normal Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Abnormal Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Emergency Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Appendix C: Morse Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

ivCockpit Procedures

Foreword It is a privilege to have been asked to write the foreword for this book. Enthusiasm and a genuine love of aviation have driven Chris to come up with what may well become one of the lasting training foundation stones of many future aviators. I write this at 32,000 feet as the city of Bangkok slips below the nose of the Airbus 340 which฀I฀am฀fortunate฀to฀y.฀I฀reect,฀with฀gratitude,฀on฀my฀own฀training.฀It฀laid฀a฀solid฀ foundation฀for฀my฀ying฀career,฀delivering฀the฀essential฀aspects฀of฀effective฀training:฀ technical฀knowledge,฀practical฀application,฀and฀contextl฀ earning,฀completed฀in฀an฀envi ronment that encouraged structure and discipline, yet fostered a passion for aviation. What฀more฀can฀any฀aspiring฀pilot฀need฀or฀want? It is encouraging to see that Chris has also looked over the wall to where most pilots eventually฀end฀up฀as฀their฀careers฀unfold,฀ying฀bigger฀and฀more฀complex฀aircraft.฀His฀ book, while targeting the pilot just beginning his or her career, is not “dumbed down” to light aircraft operation. Many of the philosophies taught here are so fundamental and powerful that they will carry a pilot right through to retirement. The book does not only include cockpit procedures. Two other essential training tools also accompany the “what,” namely the “why” and the “how.” These simple words have฀always฀formed฀the฀essential฀building฀blocks฀of฀ying฀training฀systems฀and฀will฀ continue฀to฀do฀so.฀This฀book฀lays฀a฀solid฀foundation฀by฀extensively฀covering฀these฀ aspects as well.

Enjoy reading the book, learn from it and use what you have learned. Just remember that you, the pilot, are solely responsible for the safe operation of the aircraft. Properly developed and learned philosophies and techniques will contribute in no small fashion in฀increasing฀your฀level฀of฀ight฀safety.

Mike Malherbe, BSc (Hons), MBL Senior Training Captain: South African Airways February฀2006

Cockpit Proceduresv

Preface The฀prospective฀pilot฀is฀spoiled฀for฀choice฀when฀looking฀for฀training฀texts.฀However,฀ most฀focus฀on฀theoretical฀and฀practical฀aspects฀of฀air฀exercises,฀navigation,i฀ nstrument฀ ight฀and฀various฀other฀aspects฀of฀ying,฀but฀they฀never฀tell฀you฀what฀to฀do฀when฀you฀ get into the cockpit. I have found that, despite my students’ relatively sound knowl edge฀of฀the฀underlying฀principles฀of฀what฀we฀are฀trying฀to฀achieve฀in฀each฀exercise,฀ they฀have฀no฀way฀of฀îguring฀out฀what฀to฀do฀in฀the฀aircraft,฀except฀by฀working฀through฀ it with an instructor.

Learning฀ by฀ example฀ is฀ expensive.฀ More฀ importantly, ฀ though,฀ the฀ method฀ leaves฀ room for tremendous variability in training. Schools typically do not have the budget to allow them to train instructors intensively. Each instructor tends to pass on his or her own perspectives (and shortcomings!) to students. Instructors are also often busy and฀do฀not฀always฀have฀time฀to฀explain฀all฀the฀intricacies.฀Instructors฀are฀often฀entry- level฀professional฀pilots.฀Career฀instructors฀with฀substantial฀experience฀are฀few฀and฀ far฀between.฀In฀fact,฀most฀ight฀schools฀are฀staffed฀by฀instructors฀barely฀out฀of฀their฀ teens and their own training.

The system works. These instructors have a lot to offer a new student. However, many pilots later have to unlearn distorted perspectives and bad habits. It would be much better if they could learn more sensible techniques in the first place.

This฀book฀assembles฀some฀thoughts฀that฀underlie฀modern฀ight฀operations฀and฀train ing.฀Il฀ earned฀some฀perspectives฀latei฀ n฀my฀ying฀c areer.฀My฀passage฀would฀have฀been฀ much easier if I had understood them earlier. I hope you benefit from these perspec tives as much as I have. Perhaps, as you struggle to memorize that checklist, you will begin to see where it all comes from, and possibly even where it is all headed.

The฀book฀does฀not฀explain฀all฀the฀technical฀details.฀If฀you฀see฀something฀that฀you฀do฀ not฀understand฀(such฀as฀oleos,฀shimmy฀dampers,฀cowl฀aps฀or฀propeller฀pitch฀con trols),฀you฀might฀înd฀the฀relevant฀explanations฀in฀a฀good฀handbook฀or฀in฀the฀aircraft’s฀ manuals. If you run out of reading matter, talk to your instructor about it.



Flight training continues to evolve. I would love to hear of new perspectives, comments and฀possibly฀even฀simple฀errors฀in฀this฀text.฀Please฀let฀me฀know.

Chris R. Burger [e-mail]

viCockpit Procedures

Acknowledgments The material in this book evolved over several decades. Mike Malherbe and Johan Olivier introduced me to the basic thinking in the 1980s. Over the years, ideas were honed in discussions with soundboards like Peter Clark, Louw van Zyl, and Pieter Roux. My instructors at Superb Flight Training, especially Pieter Roux, Andy Venter, and Timo Rebel provided considerable feedback and contributed new perspectives. Many of my students have contributed by demonstrating whether an approach works or not and often by actively contributing ideas. My colleagues in the South African Air Force Reserve gave me my first exposure to multicrew operations with mature pilots. Mike Malherbe and Wessel van den Bergh read the manuscript and made sugges tions, sharing the benefit of their vast experience in airline and helicopter operations respectively. Salome Coertze proofread several manuscripts. Gerda Rebel helped with pictures. Thanks — this work is as much yours as mine.

About the Author Chris฀R.฀Burger฀is฀a฀Designated฀Pilot฀Examiner฀on฀airplanes฀and฀valiantly฀struggling฀ to get there on helicopters. To pay the bills, he works as a researcher in Artificial Intel ligence฀systems.฀For฀fun,฀he฀runs฀a฀ying฀school฀at฀a฀small฀airîeld.฀His฀main฀interest฀ in aviation is promoting a culture of safety and finding ways to teach pilots how to stay฀out฀of฀trouble.฀Since฀1986,฀he฀has฀accumulated฀over฀2,500฀hours฀of฀instruction฀ experience฀on฀over฀80฀aircraft฀models,฀ranging฀from฀ultralights฀to฀medium฀jets฀and฀ helicopters. He has even managed to stay out of trouble most of the time.

He holds an Airline Transport Pilot License with instructor and test pilot ratings and type ratings on the C500, HS125 and Gulfstream II, and has accumulated over 3,500 hours on more than 100 aircraft models. He also holds a master’s degree in engineer ing and a degree in aviation management, and is pursuing a Ph.D. He was once a licensed Air Traffic Controller. In his spare time, he plays with his daughter Lisa, is involved฀in฀a฀Christian฀church,฀ies฀as฀an฀Air฀Force฀Reserve฀pilot,฀plays฀several฀musi cal instruments badly and occasionally indulges in a little amateur radio.

Cockpit Proceduresvii

viiiCockpit Procedures

Chapter 1Overview Overview 1.1 The Reason for this Book 1 This book provides a detailed description of what pilots do in aircraft cockpits. It covers operating procedures stepbystep and provides perspective on why the procedures are designed the way they are. Over the years, I have discussed these procedures in depth with several dozen stu dents. It is always timeconsuming and, especially in the early stages, students do not have enough background knowledge to fully absorb everything. Therefore I hope this book will allow prospective pilots to mull over the procedures more closely and on their own time, before their instructors start drilling the stuff into them, as well as during training itself. Keep coming back to this book regularly, and you will find that the procedures start making more sense as your own frame of reference expands.

1.2 The Contents The book does not rigidly advocate one set of procedures. Instead, it lays a basis for understanding procedures and using them sensibly. Therefore, it is likely that this book can also be used with your existing checklist. The book is divided into different topics: •฀Checklists:Different philosophies of their usage. •฀Normal procedures for airplanes:This section can be read as one continuous account of a typical flight in a light airplane. The different phases of flight are dis cussed in chronological order.

Cockpit Procedures1