PHYSICS 211 CHAPTER 2 WORKBOOK MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION ANSWERS ...

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PHYSICS 211 CHAPTER 2 WORKBOOK MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION ANSWERS ________________________________________________ STUDENT'S FULL NAME ________________________________________________ DATE DUE

• dimensional motion
• average velocity
• displacement
• time graph
• frame of reference
• average acceleration
• point
• ball
• position

Sujets

• Exposé
• Référence
• Motion
• Accélération
• Velocity
• Displacement
• PositioN

Informations

• Publié par: nodil
• Nombre de lectures: 40
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 6 Mo

Extrait

RICE UNIVERSITY


Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Enhanced Oil
Recovery Process

by

Shunhua Liu



DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

DECEMBER, 2007

RICE UNIVERSITY

Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Enhanced Oil Recovery Process

by
Shunhua Liu

A THESIS SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

APPROVED, THESIS COMMITTEE:


Dr. Clarence A. Miller, Louis Calder
Professor of Chemical Engineering, Co-chair


Dr. George J. Hirasaki, A. J. Hartsook
Professor of Chem


Dr. Walter G. Chapman, William W. Akers
Professor of Chemical Engineering


Dr. Mason B. Tomson, Professor of Civil and
Environmental Engineering


Maura C. Puerto, Complimentary Visiting
Scholar in Chemical Engineering



HOUSTON, TEXAS
January, 2008 i
ABSTRACT
Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Enhanced Oil Recovery Process
by
Shunhua Liu
This thesis improves the understanding of the Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP)
enhanced oil recovery process in order to optimize the ASP operational strategy. The
conventional oil recovery methods leave large amounts of oil in the reservoir. ASP
process is considered as a promising method for enhanced oil recovery. This dissertation
reveals the ASP characteristics by using phase behavior, interfacial tension, surfactant
consumption and numerical simulation techniques. The flooding experiments that I
performed show that my ASP strategies successfully recover the oil trapped after
waterflooding.
The optimal salinity varies when either synthetic surfactant concentration or
Water Oil Ratio (WOR) changes in ASP system. In this thesis, these results could be
collapsed to a single curve for each synthetic surfactant/crude oil combination in which
the optimal salinity depends only on the molar ratio of natural soap to synthetic surfactant,
or soap fraction of total soap plus surfactant.
The ASP system studied here has a much wider low IFT region (< 0.01 mN/m)
than the system without alkali. In much of the Winsor I region where an oil-in-water
microemulsion coexists with excess oil, a second surfactant-containing phase was seen to
exist in colloidal form. This colloidal dispersion plays an important role in reaching the
ultra-low tension. A new protocol, which significantly reduces the time that is required to ii
reach equilibrium, is developed to assure that enough of the dispersed material is initially
present to achieve low tensions but not so much as to obscure the oil drop during IFT
measurements.
Surfactant retention is one of the most significant barriers to the commercial
application of ASP. It was found that Na CO but not NaOH or Na SO , can substantially 2 3 2 4
reduce adsorption of anionic surfactants on carbonate formations, especially at low
salinities.
A one-dimensional numerical simulator was developed to model the ASP process.
By calculating transport of water, oil, surfactant, soap, salt, alkali and polymer, the
simulations show that a gradient in soap-to-surfactant ratio develops with conditions
shifting from over-optimum ahead of the displacement front to under-optimum behind
the displacement front. This gradient makes the process robust and permits injection at
conditions well below optimal salinity of the synthetic surfactant, thereby reducing
adsorption and improving compatibility with polymer.
More than 95% of waterflood residual oil was recovered in ASP sand pack
experiments at ambient temperature with a slug containing a partially hydrolyzed
polyacrylamide polymer and only 0.2 wt% of a particular anionic surfactant blend. The
simulator predicts recovery curves in agreement with those found in the flooding
experiments.
iii
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

I am very grateful as a graduate student at Rice University. I would like to express
my sincere appreciation to my two advisors, Professor Clarence A. Miller and Professor
George J. Hirasaki for their guidance, inspiration, and assistance. Their wisdom and
authoritative knowledge have helped me a lot throughout these years.
I want to give special thanks to Maura C. Puerto for her valuable recommendation,
suggestion and help.
I appreciate Professor Mason Tomson and Professor Walter Chapman for serving
on my thesis committee.
Many research staffs, graduates and undergraduates have contributed with their
experimental work and/or valuable ideas to this thesis. I want to especially thank Leslie
Zhang for teaching me phase behavior and IFT experimental skills, Brent Biseda for
making a lot of adsorption and IFT measurements, Dick Chronister for repairing old
spinning drop machine and other experimental apparatus, Will Knowles for helping me
with the BET analysis. I also want to thank to Arjun Kurup, Wei Yan, Busheng Li,
Tianmin Jiang, Robert Li, Jie Yu, Nick Parra-Vasque for all their help with the laboratory
experiments. Many other students and research staff in Dr. Miller’s and Dr. Hirasaki’s
laboratories have offered me help and their friendships too. I am grateful to this group of
people.
I would give many thanks to Dr. Gary Pope and Dr. Mojdeh Delshad, as well as
their students at University of Texas at Austin, for those valuable suggestions on DOE iv
projects. I also thank Dr. Varadarajan Dwarakanath from Chevron, Professor Kishore
Mohanty and his student at University of Houston for the discussions.
I acknowledge U.S. DOE and Consortium on Processes in Porous Media at Rice
University for the financial support. Thanks to Stepan, Kirk Raney from Shell Chemical
for providing surfactant chemicals and SNF Company for polymer.
At the end, I would like to thank my family for their support and encouragement. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures......................................................................................................................x
List of Tables .................................................................................................................. xvii

Chapter1: Introduction.........................................................................................................1
1.1: General background and motivation.......................................................................1
2.2: Summary of chapters ..............................................................................................3

Chapter 2: Concepts and Techniques on Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Process..................5
2.1: Enhanced Oil Recovery ..........................................................................................5
2.2: Concepts on Alkaline surfactant polymer Process .................................................7
2.2.1 Darcy’s Law....................................................................................................7
2.2.2 Interfacial Tension ..........................................................................................9
2.2.3 Wettability.......................................................................................................9
2.2.4 Capillary Pressure .........................................................................................11
2.2.5 Flooding and Imbibition ...............................................................................12
2.3: Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms ...................................................................12
2.4: Alkali Enhanced Oil Recovery .............................................................................16
2.5: Surfactant Enhanced Oil Recovery.......................................................................20
2.5.1 Surfactants.....................................................................................................21
2.5.2 Surfactant Micelle and Microemulsion.........................................................23
2.5.3 Phase Behavior of Microemulsions ..............................................................26
2.5.4 Phase Behavior and Interfacial Tension .......................................................30
2.5.5 Surfactant Retention......................................................................................32
2.5.5.1 Surfactant Adsorption on Mineral Surface ..........................................32
2.5.5.2 Surfactant Precipitation........................................................................33
2.5.5.3 Phase Trapping.....................................................................................34
2.5.6 Co-solvents in Surfactant Process.................................................................36
2.5.7 Cationic Surfactant Flooding ........................................................................37
2.6: Mobility Control in Enhanced Oil Recovery........................................................38 vi
2.6.1 Polymer Process............................................................................................38
2.6.2 Foam Process ................................................................................................40
2.7: Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Enhanced Oil Recovery .........................................40
2.8: Numeri