Prince Henry the Navigator, the Hero of Portugal and of Modern Discovery, 1394-1460 A.D. - With an Account of Geographical Progress Throughout the Middle Ages As the Preparation for His Work.

C. Raymond Beazley

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• Publié par: tatav
• Publié le: 01 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 144
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 6 Mo

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The Project Gutenberg eBook, Prince Henry the Navigator, the Hero of Portugal and of Modern Discovery, 1394-1460 A.D., by C. Raymond Beazley This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Prince Henry the Navigator, the Hero of Portugal and of Modern Discovery, 1394-1460 A.D. With an Account of Geographical Progress Throughout the Middle Ages As the Preparation for His Work. Author: C. Raymond Beazley Release Date: July 4, 2006 [eBook #18757] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR, THE HERO OF PORTUGAL AND OF MODERN DISCOVERY 1394-1460 A.D.*** , E-text prepared by Suzanne Lybarger and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net/) Heroes of the Nations. PER VOLUME, CLOTH, $1.50.—HALF MOROCCO, $1.75. I.—Nelson, and the Naval Supremacy of England. By W. CLARK RUSSELL , author of "The Wreck of the Grosvenor," etc. II.—Gustavus Adolphus, and the Struggle of Protestantism for Existence. By C.R.L. F LETCHER, M.A. , late Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. III.—Pericles, and the Golden Age of Athens. By EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A., Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. IV.—Theodoric the Goth, the Barbarian Champion of Civilisation. By THOMAS H ODGKIN , author of "Italy and Her Invaders," etc. V.—Sir Philip Sidney: Type of English Chivalry. By H.R. FOX BOURNE. VI.—Julius Cæsar, and the Organisation of the Roman Empire. By WARDE FOWLER, M.A., Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. VII.—Wyclif, Last of the Schoolmen and First of the English Reformers. By LEWIS SERGEANT. VIII.—Napoleon, Warrior and Ruler; and the Military Supremacy of Revolutionary France. By WILLIAM O'CONNOR MORRIS. IX.—Henry of Navarre, and the Huguenots in France. By P.F. WILLERT, M.A., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. X.—Cicero, and the Fall of the Roman Republic. By J.L. STRACHAN-DAVIDSON, M.A., Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. XI.—Abraham Lincoln, and the Downfall of American Slavery. By NOAH BROOKS. XII.—Prince Henry (of Portugal) the Navigator, and the Age of Discovery. By C.R. B EAZLEY , Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. XIII.—Julian the Philosopher, and the Last Struggle of Paganism against Christianity. By ALICE GARDNER, Lecturer on Ancient History, Newnham College. XIV.—Louis XIV., and the Zenith of the French Monarchy. By ARTHUR H ASSALL, M.A. , Senior Student of Christ Church College, Oxford. (For titles of volumes next to appear and for further details of this Series see prospectus at end of volume.) G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, PUBLISHERS NEW YORK AND LONDON Heroes of the Nations EDITED BY Evelyn Abbot, M.A. FELLOW OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD FACTA DUCIS VIVENT, OPEROSAQUE GLORIA RERUM.—OVID, IN LIVIAM, 265. THE HERO'S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR GATEWAY AT BELEM. WITH STATUE, BETWEEN THE DOORS, OF PRINCE HENRY IN ARMOUR. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR THE HERO OF PORTUGAL AND OF MODERN DISCOVERY 1394-1460 A.D. WITH AN ACCOUNT OF GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS THROUGHOUT THE MIDDLE AGES AS THE PREPARATION FOR HIS WORK BY C. RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., F.R.G.S. FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD; GEOGRAPHICAL STUDENT IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, 1894 Venient annis sæcula seris Quibus Oceanus vincula rerum Laxet, et ingens pateat tellus, Tethys que novos detegat orbes, Nec sit terris ultima Thule. SENECA, Medea 376/380. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK 27 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET LONDON 24 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND The Knickerbocker Press 1895 Copyright, 1894 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Entered at Stationers' Hall, London Electrotyped, Printed and Bound by The Knickerbocker Press, New York G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS CONTENTS. PREFACE PAGE xvii INTRODUCTION. THE GREEK AND ARABIC IDEAS OF THE WORLD, AS THE CHIEF INHERITANCE OF THE CHRISTIAN MIDDLE AGES IN GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE. 1 CHAPTER I. EARLY CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS (CIRCA 333-867) 29 50 CHAPTER II. VIKINGS OR NORTHMEN (CIRCA 787-1066) CHAPTER III. THE CRUSADES AND LAND TRAVEL (CIRCA 11001300) 76 CHAPTER IV. MARITIME EXPLORATION (CIRCA 1250-1410) 106 CHAPTER V. GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE IN CHRISTENDOM FROM THE FIRST CRUSADES (CIRCA 1100-1460) 114 CHAPTER VI. PORTUGAL TO 1400 (1095-1400) 123 CHAPTER VII. HENRY'S POSITION AND DESIGNS AT THE TIME OF THE FIRST VOYAGES, 1410-15 138 CHAPTER VIII. PRINCE HENRY AND THE CAPTURE OF CEUTA (1415) 147 CHAPTER IX. HENRY'S SETTLEMENT AT SAGRES AND FIRST DISCOVERIES (1418-28) 160 CHAPTER X. CAPE BOJADOR AND THE AZORES (1428-41) 168 179 192 CHAPTER XI. HENRY'S POLITICAL LIFE (1433-41) CHAPTER XII. FROM BOJADOR TO CAPE VERDE (1441-5) CHAPTER XIII. THE ARMADA OF 1445 228 240 CHAPTER XIV. VOYAGES OF 1446-8 CHAPTER XV. THE AZORES (1431-60) 250 CHAPTER XVI. THE TROUBLES OF THE REGENCY AND THE FALL OF 257 DON PEDRO (1440-9) CHAPTER XVII. CADAMOSTO (1455-6) 261 289 299 308 325 CHAPTER XVIII. VOYAGES OF DIEGO GOMEZ (1458-60) CHAPTER XIX. HENRY'S LAST YEARS AND DEATH (1458-60) CHAPTER XX. THE RESULTS OF PRINCE HENRY'S WORK INDEX ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE MAIN GATE OF THE MONASTERY CHURCH AT Frontispiece BELEM Built on the site of an old sailor's chapel, existing in Prince Henry's day, and used by his men. In the niche between the two great entrance doors, is a statue of Prince Henry in armour. 132 THE MONASTERY CHURCH AT BATALHA [1] West front of church in which Prince Henry and his House lie buried. This church was founded by the Prince's father, King John, in memory of his victory over Castille at Aljubarrota. BATALHA CHURCH—PORTUGAL'S 136 WESTMINSTER[1] The aisle containing the tombs of Prince Henry and his brothers, the Infants of the House of Aviz. EFFIGIES OF KING JOHN THE GREAT AND 148 QUEEN PHILIPPA Henry's father and mother, from their tomb in the Abbey of Batalha. GATEWAY OF THE CHURCH AT THOMAR 154 The Mother Church of the Order of Christ, of which Henry was Grand-Master. HENRY IN MORNING DRESS[2] 258 The original forms the frontispiece to the Paris MS. of Azurara's Discovery and Conquest of Guinea . COIMBRA UNIVERSITY 298 THE RECUMBENT STATUE OF PRINCE 306 HENRY From his tomb in Batalha Church; with his escutcheons (1) as titular King of Cyprus; (2) as Knight of the Garter of England; (3) as Grand Master of the Order of Christ. 310 ALLEGORICAL PIECE [3] Supposed to represent Columbus, as St. Christopher, carrying across the ocean the Christian faith, in the form of the infant Christ. From the map of Juan de la Cosa, 1500. VASCO DA GAMA [4] From a portrait in the possession of the Count of Lavradio. AFFONSO D'ALBUQUERQUE[5] 318 314 LIST OF MAPS.[6] PAGE THE WORLD ACCORDING TO PTOLEMY From Nordenskjöld's fac-simile atlas 2 24 THE WORLD ACCORDING TO EDRISI. c. 1150 As reconstructed by M. Reinaud from the written descriptions of the Arabic geographer. This illustrates the extremely unreal and untrue conception of the earth among Moslem students, especially those who followed the theories of Ptolomy—e.g., in the extension to Africa eastward, so as practically or actually to join China, making the Indian Ocean an inland sea. THE MAPPE-MONDE OF ST. SEVER 48 (B. Mus., Map room, shelf 35 [5], sheet 6). Of uncertain date, between c. 780-980 but probably not later than the 10th century. One of the earliest examples of Christian map-making. THE ANGLO-SAXON MAP 54 (B. Mus., Cotton mss., Tib. B.V., fol. 59). This gives us the most interesting and accurate view of the world that we get in the preCrusading Christian science. The square, but not conventional outline is detailed with considerable care and precision. The writing, though minute, is legible; but the Nile, which, like the Red Sea in Africa, is coloured red, in contrast to the ordinary grey of water in this example, is made to wander about Africa from side to side, with occasional disappearances, in a thoroughly mythical fashion. This map, from a ms. of Priscian's Peviegesis, appears to have been executed at the end of the 10th century; it is on vellum, highly finished, and has been engraved, in outline, in Playfair's Atlas (Pl. I), and more fully in the Penny Magazine (July 22, 1837). In the reign of Henry II., it appears to have belonged to Battle Abbey. THE TURIN MAP OF THE 11TH CENTURY 76 (B. Mus., Map room. From Ottino's reproduction). One of the oldest and simplest of Christian Mappe-Mondes, giving a special prominence to Paradise, (with the figures of Adam, Eve, and the serpent), to the mountains and rivers of the world, and to the four winds of heaven. It is to be associated with the Spanish map of 1109, and the Mappe-Monde of St. Sever. THE SPANISH-ARABIC MAP OF 1109 84 (B. Mus., Add. mss., 11695). The original, gorgeously coloured, represents the crudest of Christian and Moslem notions of the world. Even more crude than in the Turin map and the MappeMonde of St. Sever, both of which offer some resemblances to this. The earth is represented as of quadrangular shape, surrounded by the ocean. At the E. is Paradise with the figures of the Temptation. A part of the S. is cut off by the Red Sea, which is straight (and coloured red), just as the straight Mediterranean, with its quadrangular islands, divides the N.W. quarter, or Europe, from the S.W. quarter, or Africa. The Ægean Sea joins the Mediterranean at a right angle, in the centre of the map. In the ocean, bordering the whole, are square islands, e.g., Tile (Thule), Britania, Scocia, Fu(o)rtunarum insula. The Turin map occurs in another copy of the same work—A Commentary on the Apocalypse. THE PSALTER MAP OF THE 13TH CENTURY 92 (B. Mus., Add. mss., 28, 681). A good illustration of the circular type of mediæval map, which is sometimes little bette