A vertical product differentiation model for geospatial information services [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Adam Sliwinski

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Informations

• Publié par: westfalische_wilhelms-universitat_munster
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 17
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 11 Mo

Extrait

Geoinformatik



A Vertical Product Differentiation Model
for Geospatial Information Services



Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften durch den
Fachbereich Geowissenschaften
der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster


vorgelegt von
Adam Sliwinski
aus Gdingen
2007






Dekan: Prof. Dr. Hans Kerp
Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Streit
Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Antonio Krüger
Tag der Disputation: 28. März 2007
Table of Contents
Table of Contents__________________________________________i
List of Figures, Tables and Code Snippets________________vii
List of Abbreviations___________________________________xvii
1 Introduction____________________________________________1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Vertical Product Differentiation in Practice 3
1.3 Missing Knowledge in the Geospatial Information Domain 5
1.4 Research Questions 7
1.5 Model Development Approach 11
1.6 Outline of the Thesis 13
2 Multiple Uses of Geospatial Data and Geoprocessing
Functionalities___________________________________________15
2.1 Geospatially Enabling the Enterprise – The Retailing Case 15
2.1.1 The Dawn of Geomarketing 16
2.1.2 Exemplary Geomarketing Analysis 17
2.1.3 Separation of Concerns 20
2.1.4 Technological Consequences 22
2.2 Distributed GI Service Architecture 24
2.2.1 Distributed Systems and Service-oriented Computing 25
2.2.2 Web Services 27
2.2.3 GI Services, their Taxonomy and Description 30
2.2.4 GI Service Interoperability and Service Chaining 33
2.2.5 The Role of Standards and Specifications 35
2.2.6 GI Service Interface Implementation Specifications 38
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2.3 Market-oriented Geospatial Data Infrastructures 40
2.3.1 One Concept but Many Acronyms 40
2.3.2 Market-oriented vs. Hierarchy-oriented GDIs 42
2.3.3 Towards the Commercialization of GI Services 45
2.3.4 Web Services Facilitating Electronic Commerce 48
2.3.5 GDI NRW 51
3 Marketing of Digital Products_________________________55
3.1 Distributed Electronic Commerce 55
3.1.1 From Brick-and-Mortar to Electronic Markets 56
3.1.2 Distributed GI Service Value Chains 58
3.1.3 Phase Model of Market Transactions 61
3.1.4 Example of a Commercial GI Service 63
3.2 The Economic Nature of GI Services 65
3.2.1 Classification of Digital Products 65
3.2.2 Impact of Competition on the Marketing Strategy 69
3.2.3 Potential Market Participants 73
3.3 Economically Viable Marketing 76
3.3.1 From Cost-plus Pricing to Value-based Pricing 76
3.3.2 Differential Flat Rate Pricing 79
3.3.3 Vertical Product Differentiation 83
3.3.4 The Product Line Definition Problem 87
3.3.5 Concept of Self-Selection 88
3.4 Concept of Quality 91
3.4.1 Quality 91
3.4.2 Quality of Geospatial Data 94
3.4.3 Quality of Geoprocessing 98
4 Methodology_________________________________________103
4.1 Conceptual Modeling 103
4.2 Universe of Discourse 106
4.2.1 Enhanced Publish-Find-Bind Pattern 107
4.2.2 Two Use Cases 108
4.2.3 Scenarios 111
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4.2.4 Technical Assumptions 113
4.2.5 Economic 114
4.3 GI Service Models in Scope 114
4.3.1 GetPoint Service Model 116
4.3.2 GetRaster Service Model 118
4.3.3 GetNetwork Service Model 120
4.3.4 PseudoVoronoiDiagram Service Model 123
4.4 Structural Modeling 124
4.4.1 Semi-formal Object Model 124
4.4.2 Object-oriented Modeling Language and
Notational Conventions 126
4.5 Behavioral Modeling 128
4.5.1 Executable Formal Functional Model 128
4.5.2 Functional Programming Language and
Notational Conventions 130
4.5.3 Statecharts 132
4.5.4 Component Diagrams 134
4.5.5 Sequence Diagrams 135
5 Structural Quality Model____________________________137
5.1 Abstract GI Service Quality Model 137
5.2 Structural Models of GI Services 141
5.3 Overview of GI Service Quality Constraints 143
5.4 Service Courtesy 145
5.4.1 Availability Constraint 145
5.4.2 Performance Constraint 148
5.4.3 Composabilityaint 150
5.5 Freedom in Request Parameterization 153
5.5.1 Operation Invocation Constraint 153
5.5.2 Geospatial Query Constraint 155
5.5.3 Attributive Query Constraint 157
5.5.4 Input Data Encoding Constraint 160
5.6 Feature Accuracy 163
5.6.1 Accuracy Measures 164
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5.6.2 Geospatial Accuracy Constraint 167
5.6.3 Attributive Accuracy Constraint 172
5.6.4 Temporal Accuracy Constraint 176
5.7 Completeness 180
5.7.1 Geospatial Completeness Constraint 181
5.7.2 Attributive Completeness Constraint 184
5.7.3 Temporal Completeness Constraint 186
5.7.4 Missing Value Constraint 189
5.8 Granularity 193
5.8.1 Geospatial Granularity Constraint 193
5.8.2 Attributive Granularity Constraint 198
5.8.3 Temporal Granularity Constraint 202
5.8.4 Precision Constraint 203
5.9 Interdependencies Among Quality Constraints 206
6 Behavioral Model of Vertical Product Differentiation_ 209
6.1 Abstract Architecture 209
6.2 Product Line Definitions 212
6.2.1 GetPoint Product Line 214
6.2.2 GetRaster Product Line 215
6.2.3 GetNetwork Product Line 217
6.2.4 PseudoVoronoiDiagram Product Line 218
6.3 Semi-formal Behavioral Model 219
6.3.1 Web Product Line Service 220
6.3.2 Validation Mechanism 224
6.3.3 Violation 226
6.3.4 Service Interaction Sequence for Use Case #1 228
6.3.5 Service Interaction for Use Case #2 229
6.4 Executable Formal Behavioral Model 231
6.4.1 Abstract Data Types 231
6.4.2 Data Encoding Types 233
6.4.3 Geospatial Information Services 234
6.4.4 Geospatial Data 235
6.4.5 Geospatial Clients 235
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6.4.6 Quality Constraints 236
6.4.7 Web Product Line Service and Plug-ins 236
6.4.8 Service Provider 237
6.4.9 Miscellaneous 238
6.5 Model Evaluation 239
6.5.1 Short User Manual 239
6.5.2 Test Functions – GetPoint Service Versions 241
6.5.3 Test Functions – GetRaster Service Versions 249
6.5.4 Test Functions – GetNetwork Service 254
6.5.5 Test Functions – PseudoVoronoiDiagram Service Versions263
7 Discussion and Future Research_____________________269
7.1 Implications for GDI Practitioners 269
7.2 Implications for GI Service Quality Management 271
7.3 Implications for Geoinformatics 274
7.4 Proposed Topic for Future Research 276
8 Summary and Conclusion____________________________279
References______________________________________________281
-5- v List of Figures, Tables and Code Snippets
Figures
7Fig. 1-1: Market oriented view of vertical product differentiation
9Fig. 1-2: Technology oriented view of vertical product
differentiation
12Fig. 1-3: Modified approach to model development according to
van Daalen, Thissen et al. (1999)
19Fig. 2-1: Retail market areas depicted as a Voronoi diagram
21Fig. 2-2: UML activity diagram for trade area analysis
26Fig. 2-3: The publish-find-bind pattern
28Fig. 2-4: Conceptual web service stack
Fig. 2-5: Web service invocation (based on IBM 2001, p.14) 29
Fig. 2-6: GI service metadata schema 32
34Fig. 2-7: Three types of GI service chaining defined in ISO 19119
37Fig. 2-8: ISO/TC 211 – OGC collaboration (modified after
geoinformation.net 2005)
Fig. 2-9: OGC web service implementation specifications 38
Fig. 2-10: Shift in the GDI funding mix 46
48Fig. 2-11: Interaction between a client application, GI service,
and electronic commerce services
50Fig. 2-12: Protocol nesting method (after Wagner 2003, p. 58)
Fig. 2-13: Exemplary invocation of an OGC WMS registered 52
at GeoCatalog
-1-viiList of Figures, Tables and Code Snippets
59Fig. 3-1: GI service provider’s simplified value chain
Fig. 3-2: Distributed GI service value chain 60
Fig. 3-3: Modified excerpt from Lindemann & Schmid’s (1998) 62
electronic market reference model
The NiedersachenNAVIGATOR in use by Tourismus 64Fig. 3-4:
Region Celle GmbH
71Fig. 3-5: Competitive forces vs. GI service marketing
74Fig. 3-6: Supply side market participants
75Fig. 3-7: Private sector market participants on demand side
Fig. 3-8: One price policy 79
Fig. 3-9: Second degree price discrimination 82
85Fig. 3-10: Graphical representation of the product line defined
in table 3-2
90Fig. 3-11: Service monitor
Fig. 3-12: Quality characteristics for digital products (after 93
Shapiro & Varian 1998, 1999)
95Fig. 3-13: Normative set of geospatial data quality and quality
overview elements defined in ISO 19113
97Fig. 3-14: Excerpt from the data quality metadata model defined
in ISO 19115
Fig. 4-1: Relationship between model types, the application 104
domain and software (after Cook & Daniels, 1994,
p.11; modified)
107Fig. 4-2: Specialization of the publish-find-bind pattern
115Fig. 4-3: Interface definitions of GI service models
115Fig. 4-4: GI service metadata class diagram
117Fig. 4-5: Point data visualization with the description of an
exemplary point feature
119Fig. 4-6: Raster model
120Fig. 4-7: Raster data visualization
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