Adaptive control of ultrashort laser pulses for high-harmonic generation [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Dominik Walter
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Adaptive control of ultrashort laser pulses for high-harmonic generation [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Dominik Walter

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AdaptiveControlofUltrashortLaserPulsesforHigh HarmonicGenerationDissertationzurErlangungdesnaturwissenschaftlichenDoktorgradesderBayerischenJulius Maximilians Universit at¨Wurzb¨ urgvorgelegtvonDominikWalterausWurzb¨ urgWurzb¨ urg2006Eingereichtam: 20.122006beiderFakultat¨ fur¨ PhysikundAstronomieGutachterderDissertation:1.Gutachter: Prof.Dr.G.Gerber2. Prof.Dr.J.GeurtsPrufer¨ imPromotionskolloquium:Prof.Dr.G.GerberProf.Dr.J.GeurtsProf.Dr.W.KinzelTagdermundlichen¨ Prufung¨ (Promotionskolloquium): 23. Februar2007ListofPublicationsPartsofthisworkhavebeenpublishedinthefollowingreferences:M. Y. Emelin, M. Y. Ryabikin, A. M. Sergeev, M. D. Chernobrovtseva, T. Pfeifer,D.Walter,andG.Gerber.Attosecond Burst and High Harmonic Generation in Molecular Ionization by UltrashortLaserPulses.JETPLett. 77,212–216(2003).A.Flettner,T.Pfeifer,D.Walter,C.Winterfeldt,C.Spielmann,andG.Gerber.High harmonicgenerationandplasmaradiationfromwatermicrodroplets .Appl. Phys. B77,747–751(2003).T. Pfeifer, D. Walter, G. Gerber, M. Y. Emelin, M. Y. Ryabikin, M. D. Chernobrovtseva,andA.M.Sergeev.TransientEnhancementofHigh HarmonicGenerationinExpandingMolecules .Phys. Rev. A,70,013805(2004).T. Brixner, C. Dietl, G. Krampert, P. Niklaus, E. Papastathopoulos, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle,G.Vogt,D.Walter,C.Winterfeldt,andG.GerberAdaptivefemtosecondquantumcontrol,InF.Krausz,G.Korn,P.Corkum,andI.A.Walmsley(Eds.),UltrafastOpticsIV,Vol. 95 of Springer Series in Optical Sciences, pp.

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Publié le 01 janvier 2007
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AdaptiveControl
ofUltrashortLaserPulses
forHigh HarmonicGeneration
DissertationzurErlangungdes
naturwissenschaftlichenDoktorgrades
derBayerischenJulius Maximilians Universit at¨
Wurzb¨ urg
vorgelegtvon
DominikWalter
ausWurzb¨ urg
Wurzb¨ urg2006Eingereichtam: 20.122006
beiderFakultat¨ fur¨ PhysikundAstronomie
GutachterderDissertation:
1.Gutachter: Prof.Dr.G.Gerber
2. Prof.Dr.J.Geurts
Prufer¨ imPromotionskolloquium:
Prof.Dr.G.Gerber
Prof.Dr.J.Geurts
Prof.Dr.W.Kinzel
Tagdermundlichen¨ Prufung¨ (Promotionskolloquium): 23. Februar2007ListofPublications
Partsofthisworkhavebeenpublishedinthefollowingreferences:
M. Y. Emelin, M. Y. Ryabikin, A. M. Sergeev, M. D. Chernobrovtseva, T. Pfeifer,
D.Walter,andG.Gerber.
Attosecond Burst and High Harmonic Generation in Molecular Ionization by Ultrashort
LaserPulses.
JETPLett. 77,212–216(2003).
A.Flettner,T.Pfeifer,D.Walter,C.Winterfeldt,C.Spielmann,andG.Gerber.
High harmonicgenerationandplasmaradiationfromwatermicrodroplets .
Appl. Phys. B77,747–751(2003).
T. Pfeifer, D. Walter, G. Gerber, M. Y. Emelin, M. Y. Ryabikin, M. D. Chernobrovtseva,
andA.M.Sergeev.
TransientEnhancementofHigh HarmonicGenerationinExpandingMolecules .
Phys. Rev. A,70,013805(2004).
T. Brixner, C. Dietl, G. Krampert, P. Niklaus, E. Papastathopoulos, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle,
G.Vogt,D.Walter,C.Winterfeldt,andG.Gerber
Adaptivefemtosecondquantumcontrol,
InF.Krausz,G.Korn,P.Corkum,andI.A.Walmsley(Eds.),UltrafastOpticsIV,
Vol. 95 of Springer Series in Optical Sciences, pp. 117 126, Springer, Berlin
(2004).
T.Pfeifer,D.Walter,C.Winterfeldt,C.Spielmann,andG.Gerber.
Adaptiveengineeringofcoherentsoftx rays ,
inUltrafastPhenomenaXIV,(eds. T.Kobayashi,T.Okada,T.Kobayashi,K.A.Nelson,
and S. de Silvestri) (Springer, Berlin, 2004), Vol. 79 of Springer Series in Chemical
Physics,pp. 178 180.
T.Pfeifer,D.Walter,C.Winterfeldt,C.Spielmann,andG.Gerber.
ControllingthespectralshapeofcoherentsoftX rays ,
Appl. Phys. B80,277–280(2005).
T.Pfeifer,R.Kemmer,R.Spitzenpfeil,D.Walter,C.Winterfeldt,G.Gerber,
andC.Spielmann.
Spatialcontrolofhigh harmonicgenerationinhollowfibers ,
Opt. Lett. 30,1497–1499(2005).iv LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
M. Yu. Emelin, M. Yu. Ryabikin, M. D. Chernobrovtseva, A. M. Sergeev, T. Pfeifer,
D.Walter,andG.Gerber.
High efficiency generation of attosecond pulses during atomic ionization from excited
electronicstates,
Europhys. Lett.,69(6),pp. 913 919(2005).
D.Walter,T.Pfeifer,C.Winterfeldt,R.Kemmer,R.Spitzenpfeil,G.Gerber,
andC.Spielmann.
Adaptivespatialcontroloffibermodesandtheirexcitationforhigh harmonicgeneration ,
Opt. Expr.,Vol. 14,Issue8,pp. 3433 3442(2006).
C.Winterfeldt,T.Pfeifer,D.Walter,R.Kemmer,A.Paulus,R.Spitzenpfeil,G.Gerber,
andC.Spielmann.
Adaptivetemporalandspatialshapingofcoherentsoftx rays ,
Proc. SPIEVol. 6187,PhotonManagementII,eds. J.T.Sheridan,F.Wyrowski,
ISBN0 8194 6243 8,61870F(2006).
C.Winterfeldt,J.Lohbreier,A.Paulus,T.Pfeifer,R.Spitzenpfeil,D.Walter,G.Gerber,
andC.Spielmann.
Adaptivespatialcontrolofhigh harmonicgeneration ,
inUltrafastPhenomenaXV,(eds. R.J.D.Miller,A.M.Weiner,P.Corkum,D.Jonas)
(Springer,Berlin,2006),SpringerSeriesinChemicalPhysics.
T. Pfeifer, F. Dimler, R. Spitzenpfeil, D. Walter, C. Winterfeldt, C. Spielmann, and G.
Gerber.
Optimalcontrolwithshapedsoft x raylight ,
Opt. Expr.,accepted(2007).
D.Walter,S.Eyring,J.Lohbreier,R.Spitzenpfeil,andC.Spielmann.
SpatialOptimizationofFilaments,
submitted.
D.Walter,S.Eyring,J.Lohbreier,R.Spitzenpfeil,andC.Spielmann.
Two dimensionalevolutionaryalgorithmdesignedforspatialshapingof
ultrashortlaserpulseswithhighresolution,
inpreparation.
Furtherpublicationsbeyondthescopeofthiswork:
A.Paulus,C.Winterfeldt,T.Pfeifer,D.Walter,G.Gerber,andC.Spielmann.
Noveltime of flightelectronspectrometeroptimizedfortime resolvedsoft x ray
photoelectronspectroscopy,
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77,043105(2006).Contents
ListofPublications iii
1 UltrashortLaserPulses(NIR) 3
1.1 MathematicalDescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Titanium:SapphireLaserSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 NonlinearOpticalKerrEffect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1 Self Focusing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Self PhaseModulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 TemporalCharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.1 InterferometricAutocorrelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.2 SpectralInterferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4.3 SPIDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5 FemtosecondPulseShaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5.1 PulseShapingDevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5.2 LearningAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.6 ApplicationsofUltrashortPulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 AdaptiveTemporalCompressionofUltrashortLaserPulses 23
2.1 TemporalCompressioninaHollowFiberSetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.1 TemporalCompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.2 Spatio temporalCompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2 TemporalCompressionbyFilamentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.1 GenerationofLightFilaments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.2 TemporalCompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.3 Spatio temporalCompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.4 AdaptiveCompressionusingSPIDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2.5 SpatialOptimizationoftheBeamProfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3 High HarmonicGeneration 47
3.1 TheoreticalDescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.1.1 Three StepModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1.2 QuantumMechanicalDescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51vi CONTENTS
3.2 Sub fsPulseProduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 CharacterizationTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 ExperimentalRealizationofHigh HarmonicGeneration . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.1 Basicsetup: GasJet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.2 Gas filledHollow CoreFiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.4.3 WaterMicrodroplets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.5 OptimizationSchemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.5.1 HHGfromExcitedElectronicStates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.5.2 HHGinExpandingMolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.5.3 Outlook: PulseShaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.6 CompetitiveSourcesofUltrashortEUVandX RayRadiation . . . . . . 83
4 AdaptiveOptimizationofHighHarmonics 85
4.1Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2 ControllingtheSpectralShapeofHighHarmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.1 Gas JetSetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.2 Hollow FiberSetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.3 SpatialControlofHigh HarmonicGenerationinHollowFibers. . . . . . 96
A ProgrammablePhaseModulatorHamamatsuX8267 111
B Two dimensionalImplementationoftheEvolutionaryAlgorithm 117
Bibliography 119
Acknowledgments 137
CurriculumVitae 139Introduction
Curiosityandthe desiretounderstandtheworldaroundthemisoneofthemostvaluable
humantraitsthathashelpedtodiscoverfundamentallawsandtodevelopbasictechniques
to control fundamental processes. After mastering the laws of classical mechanics at the
thendofthe19 century,however,therewasafeelingthatnothingnewwasleftinthefield
of physics—“almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few
holes,”astheMunichphysicsprofessorPhilippvonJollytoldthe16year oldMaxPlanck
atthebeginofhisstudiesin1874.
In1900MaxPlanckdiscoveredthattheenergyofwavescouldbedescribedasconsisting
of small packets or quanta. Subsequent investigations led to the discovery of the quan
tum nature of electromagnetic waves and the wave like behaviour of matter—the era of
quantummechanicswasborn. Thediscoveryofthequantumstructureofatomsandlight
allowedacloserlookintothefinerstructureofmatter. Onitssmallestscalestheworldis
fullofdetailsthathaveyettobediscovered.
Since this time there has been much progress in the understanding of these light quanta,
the photons, and their potential to help us “see” the mechanics of physics on the most
microscopic and macroscopic levels. With the advent of the “LASER” in 1960 a device
was introduced that works as a coherent source of light—from this time on, the proper-
ties of the light field could be controlled in a well defined manner and were used as an
instrumentaltoolofhighprecision.
Only few decades later, in the era of photonics, ultrashort pulses of this laser light have
becomeabasictoolinphysics. In1999AhmedH.ZewailwontheNobelPrizeinChem
istryforhispioneeringworkthatenabledchemiststoseehowreactionsproceedonatime
scale of few hundreds of femtoseconds using ultrashort pulses. The time scale of atomic
vib

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