Effect of Se-fertilization on the growth and S-metabolism of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by Fu-Chen Hsu
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Effect of Se-fertilization on the growth and S-metabolism of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by Fu-Chen Hsu

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DISSERTATION submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics Of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany For the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Master of Science Fu-Chen Hsu born in: Changhua, Taiwan Oral examination: Effect of Se-fertilization on the growth and S-metabolism of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) Referees: Professor Dr. Thomas Rausch Professor Dr. Rüdiger Hell Acknowledgments This work has been carried out in Thomas Rausch’s laboratory at HIP Heidelberg, Germany. I am very grateful to Prof. Thomas Rausch for giving me the opportunity to pursue my PhD under his supervision. I would also like to express my gratitude to the members of my thesis advisory committee, Prof. Rüdiger Hell, Prof. Michael Wink, and Prof. Luise Krauth-Siegel for their advice. I am deeply indebted to Dr. Markus Wirtz and Muhammad Sayyar Khan for their work on S-metabolites HPLC experiments and to Dr. Ute Krämer for her help on the elemental analysis. I am very obliged to Dr. Jochen Bogs and Simon Heppel for their help on the luciferase assay and to Dr. Andreas Wachter for his teaching on the real-time PCR analysis. I would like to thank Britta Kupfer for her help on the total glucosinolate quantification and translating the summary in this thesis into German.

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Publié par
Publié le 01 janvier 2010
Nombre de lectures 72
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 2 Mo

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DISSERTATION
submitted to the
Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics
Of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany
For the degree of
Doctor of Natural Sciences






















presented by
Master of Science Fu-Chen Hsu
born in: Changhua, Taiwan
Oral examination:




Effect of Se-fertilization on the growth and
S-metabolism of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea
var. italica)



























Referees: Professor Dr. Thomas Rausch
Professor Dr. Rüdiger Hell


Acknowledgments
This work has been carried out in Thomas Rausch’s laboratory at HIP Heidelberg,
Germany. I am very grateful to Prof. Thomas Rausch for giving me the opportunity to
pursue my PhD under his supervision. I would also like to express my gratitude to the
members of my thesis advisory committee, Prof. Rüdiger Hell, Prof. Michael Wink,
and Prof. Luise Krauth-Siegel for their advice.
I am deeply indebted to Dr. Markus Wirtz and Muhammad Sayyar Khan for their
work on S-metabolites HPLC experiments and to Dr. Ute Krämer for her help on the
elemental analysis. I am very obliged to Dr. Jochen Bogs and Simon Heppel for their
help on the luciferase assay and to Dr. Andreas Wachter for his teaching on the
real-time PCR analysis. I would like to thank Britta Kupfer for her help on the total
glucosinolate quantification and translating the summary in this thesis into German. I
am also grateful to Heike Steininger for her help. Heike was always friendly and
helpful in the lab and offered me invaluable assistance in some life issues I
encountered as a foreigner.
Many thanks go to all the current and past members in AG Rausch. I have enjoyed
working with all of you very much!
Last but not least, I would like to thank my family and especially my wife,
Ya-Hsin Liu, for their unending support and love.





Table of Contents

SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………...1
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG……………………………………………………………..2
1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………..3
1.1 Glucosinolates………………………………………………………………….………..3
1.1.1 GSLs biosynthesis……………………………………………………………..………....4
1.1.2 MYB transcription factors…………………………………………………….…………6
1.1.3 GSLs and plant defense……………………………………………………….………....7
1.1.4 GSLs and cancer……………………………………………………….…………….....10
1.2 Sulfur and Selenium metabolism in plants………………………….……………….13
1.2.1 S-metabolism………………………………………………………………….………..13
1.2.2 Se-metabolism………………………………………………………………..…………14
1.2.3 Interaction between S and Se…………………………………………….17
1.2.4 Se and human health………………………………………………………….…….......19
1.3 Broccoli and cancer prevention………………………………………………………20
2 AIM……………………………………………………………………………....21
3 RESULTS……………………………………………………………………......22
3.1 The effect of Se-fertilization on plant growth………………………….…………….22
3.1.1 Different broccoli cultivars show variation of glucoraphanin content and Se-tolerance
between different Se-treatments (selenate vs. selenite)…………………………..…………..22
3.1.2 Selenate-fertilization did not affect the shoot-growth of young broccoli plants………..24
3.2 The effect of Se-fertilization on S-metabolites……………………….………………28
3.2.1 The Se-accumulation in the shoots of young broccoli plants………………….……….28
3.2.2 In the shoots of young broccoli plants, selenate-fertilization resulted in increased total
sulfur and sulfate concentrations…………………………………………………….….…....28
3.2.3 Selenate-fertilization did not affect the concentrations of cysteine, glutathione, total
glucosinolates and glucoraphanin in the shoots of young broccoli plants…………………....28
3.3 The effect of Se-fertilization on gene expression………………………….………....32
3.3.1 The master regulator of aliphatic GSLs biosynthesis, BoMYB28 transcription factor, was
isolated from broccoli……………………………………….………………………..……....32
3.3.2 The expression of the transcription factor gene BoMYB28 was not affected in
selenate-fertilized broccoli plants…………………………………………………….……....34
3.3.3 The expression of BoMYB28 was increased by glucose and decreased by NAA……....34
3.3.4 BoMYB28 regulated genes of the aliphatic GSL biosynthetic pathway…………….......36
3.3.5 The expression of sulfate transporter genes was altered in response to
selenate-fertilization…………………………………………………………………….…….38
3.4 Leaf-fertilization of mature broccoli plants with selenate: Evidence for efficient
leaf-to-head transfer under field conditions…………………………………………...…..43
4 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………….......45
4.1 Does Se-treatment affect the growth of broccoli?…..………………………….…....45
4.2 In broccoli, selenate-treatment increases sulfate-uptake and sulfate-transfer from
root to shoot………………………………………………………………………….………46
4.2.1 S-content is increased in the shoots and decreased in the roots by
selenate-fertilization…………………………………………………………………………..46
4.2.2 Selenate-fertilization stimulates the expression of SULTR1;1, 1;2 and 2;1 in the roots
for the initial sulfate-uptake and long-distance transport from root to shoot………………...46
4.2.3 The Se-induced increase of sulfate-content in the shoots is not subject to further
metabolism……………………………………………………………….……...……………49
4.3 Selenate-application did not affect the concentration (and content) of
glucoraphanin and total GSL in broccoli…………………………………………….…….50
4.4 BoMYB28: A regulator of aliphatic GSL biosynthesis functionally homologous to
AtMYB28………………………………………………………………………………....…..51
4.5 Conclusions and perspectives…………………………………………………….…...52
5 MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………….55
5.1 Plant material and cultivation………………………………………………….…….55
5.1.1 Plant material and sterilization of seeds………………………………………..……….55
5.1.2 Medium for root-length experiment, glucose-treatment and NAA-treatment………….55
5.1.3 Sand-culture……………………………………………………………….……………55
5.1.4 Selenate-application in the field by leaf-fertilization…………………………..……….56
5.2 Microbiological techniques …………………………………………………………..57
5.2.1 Escherichia coli strains……………………………………………………….…….......57
5.2.2 Media and antibiotics………………………………………………………………..….57
5.2.3 Preparation of electrocompetent E. coli cells and transformation…………………..….57
5.3 Nucleic acid techniques ………………………………………………….……………58
5.3.1 Genomic DNA extraction…………………………………………………………........58
5.3.2 RNA extraction……………………………………………………………….…….......58
5.3.3 Determination of nucleic acid concentrations………………………………….……….58
5.3.4 Separation of DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis………………………………….…59
5.3.5 Separation of RNA by agarose gel electrophoresis………………………………..……59
5.3.6 Reverse transcription……………………………………………………………….......59
5.3.7 Polymerase chain reaction………………………………………………………….......60
5.3.8 Quantitative real time PCR……………………………………………………….…….62
5.3.9 Gel extraction and PCR purification ……………………………………………..…….62
5.3.10 Plasmid minipreparation………………………………………………………….…...62 5.3.11 Plasmid maxipreparation………………………………………………………..…......62
5.4 Cloning techniques………………………………………………………….…………64
5.4.1 T/A cloning of PCR products……………………………………………………..…….64
5.4.2 Cloning via restriction enzyme digestion……………………………….……………...64
5.4.3 Cloning of BoMYB28……………………………………………………………..…….64
5.4.4 Cloning of constructs for luciferase-assay…………………………………………..….64
5.5 Elemental analysis of total sulfur and total selenium…………………….…………65
5.6 Quantification of sulfate and S-metabolites…………………………………………66
5.6.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)…………………………………..66
5.6.2 Glucose assay…………………………………………………………………..……….67
5.7 Transient expression of BoMYB28 and its functional assay……………….……......68
5.7.1 Protoplast isolation………………………………………………………..…………….68
5.7.2 PEG-transfection…………………………………………………………………..……69
5.7.3 Luciferase assay………………………………………………………….……………..69
5.8 Statistical analysis………………………………………………………….………….70
6 ABBREVIATION INDEX………………………………………………….......71
7 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….....75
8 APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………...87
8.1 Full-length cDNA sequence of BoMYB28………………………………..…………..87
8.2 AtMYB28-stimulus microarray data…………………………………………………88
8.3 sequence of AtMAM1 promoter region………………………………………………91
8.4 sequence of AtCYP83A1 promoter region……………………….…………………...92
8.5 sequence of AtAOP2 promoter region………………………………….…………….93

Index of Figures and Tables

Fig. 1.1 Stages of glucosinolate biosynthesis…………………………………………........5
Fig. 1.2 Relationship of A. thaliana MYB proteins that have two or three repeats….…8
Fig. 1.3 The mustard oil bomb, a binary (glucosinolate-myrosinase) chemical defense
system………………………………………………………………………………………….9
Fig. 1.4 Interrelationships between the biotransformation enzyme systems…………..12
Fig. 1.5 Current model of sulfate and selenate uptake and assimilation pathways in
plants…………………………………………………………………………………………13
Fig. 1.6 Sulfur assimilation as a platform for the biosynthesis of sulfur-containing
defence compounds………………

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