Microscopic, chemical and spectroscopic investigations on emeralds of various origins [Elektronische Ressource] / Le Thi Thu Huong

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Informations

• Publié par: johannes_gutenberg-universitat_mainz
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 23
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Microscopic, chemical and spectroscopic
investigations on emeralds of various origins

Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Grades
„Doktor der Naturwissenschaften“
am Fachbereich Chemie, Pharmazie und Geowissenschaften
der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

Le Thi Thu Huong
geb. in Thanh Hoa, Vietnam

Mainz, 2008 Dekan:

1. Berichterstatter:

2. Berichterstatter:

Tag der mündlichen Prüfung:
Hereby I declare that I have written the present doctoral thesis
on my own and without any illegal help. All literature sources
are indicated.

Mainz, April 2008

---------------------------Contents
CONTENTS

CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
INDEX OF FIGURES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iii
INDEX OF TABLES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii
ABBREVIATIONS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ix
ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xi

1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.1. THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BERYL -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.2. POSSIBILITIES TO DETERMINE ORIGINS OF EMERALDS AND SEPARATION BETWEEN NATURAL
EMERALDS FROM SYNTHETIC ONES – STATE OF THE ART STUDY AND RESULTS OF THE PRESENT
THESIS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4

2. SHORT DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES AND ORIGINS------------------------------------------------------------- 10

2.1. NATURAL EMERALDS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10
Colombia --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Brazil ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Austria ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
Russia --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Zambia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16
South Africa ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16
China -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Nigeria ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Madagascar ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Classification of the emerald deposits ----------------------------------------------------------------- 18

2.2. SYNTHETIC EMERALDS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
2.2.1. Flux-grown synthesis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
2.2.2. Hydrothermally-grown synthesis ------------------------------------------------------------------ 20

3. INCLUSIONS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

3.1. Chivor (Colombia) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
3.2. Santa Terezinha (Brazil) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
3.3. Socoto (Brazil) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
3.4. Carnaiba (Barzil) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
3.5. Capoeirana (Brazil) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
3.6. Itabira (Brazil) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
3.7. Manajary (Madagascar) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
3.8. Habachtal (Austria) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
3.9. Kafubu (Zambia) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
3.10. Gwantu (Nigeria) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
3.11. Transvaal (South Africa) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
3.12. Ural (Russia) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
3.13. Malipo (China) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 44
3.14. Flux-grown syntheses ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
3.15. Hydrothermally-grown syntheses ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
Discussion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48

iContents
4. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF INVESTIGATED EMERALDS ----------------------------------------------------- 52

4.1. Silicon (Si) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
4.2. Aluminium (Al) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
4.3. Beryllium (Be) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
4.4. Lithium (Li) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
4.5. Sodium (Na) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
4.6. Magnesium ((Mg) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
4.7. Gallium (Ga) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
4.8. Caesium (Cs) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
4.9. Iron (Fe) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
4.10. Niobium (Nb) and Strontium (Sr) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
4.11. Titanium (Ti) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
4.12. Nickel (Ni) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 60
4.13. Rubidium (Rb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 60
4.14. Vanadium (V) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 61
4.15. Molybdenum (Mo) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 61
4.16. Potassium (K) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
4.17. Manganese (Mn) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
4.18. Chromium (Cr) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
4.19. Scandium (Sc) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 63
Discussion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64

5. RAMAN MICRO-SPECTROSCOPY OF EMERALDS ------------------------------------------------------------- 67

-1 -15.1. Raman spectra in the range from 200 cm to 1600 cm -------------------------------------- 68
-1 5.1.1. Comparisons of Raman spectra up to 1600 cm of emeralds from various
deposits ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69
-1 5.1.2. Bands around 1067-1072 cm ------------------------------------------------------------------- 73

-15.2. Raman spectra of emeralds at high Raman shift: 3500-3700 cm -------------------------- 77
5.2.1. Measurements under room temperature --------------------------------------------------- 77
5.2.2. Measurements under low temperatures ----------------------------------------------------- 80

6. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF EMERALDS --------------