EURATOM'S SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES JOINT NUCLEAR RESEARCH CENTER ISPRA ESTABLISHMENT

Joint Research Centre

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• Sciences et techniques

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• Publié par: JOINT-RESEARCH-CENTRE
• Nombre de lectures: 12
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 12 Mo

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LEGAL NOTICE
This document was prepared under the sponsorship of the Commission of the European
Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM).
Neither the EURATOM Commission, its contractors nor anv person aerina on their
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SiiiíiiiiiiiiSiill m EUR 1643. e
EURATOM'S SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES - Joint Nuclear Research
Center, Ispra Establishment
European Atomic Energy Community
Ispra, July 1964 - 364 pages - 120 figures
This report describes various scientific activities of the Common
Research Centre, mainly of the Ispra Establishment. Results obtained
in special fields are presented.
EUR 1643 . e
EURATOM'S SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES - Joint Nuclear Research
Center, Ispra Establishment
European Atomic Energy Community
Ispra, July 1964 - 364 pages - 120 figures
This report describes various scientific activities of the Common
Research Centre, mainly of the Ispra Establishment. Results obtained
in special fields are presented.
EUR 1643. e
EURATOM'S SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES - Joint Nuclear Research
Center, Ispra Establishment
European Atomic Energy Community
Ispra, July 1964 - 36364 pages - 120 : figures
This report describes various scientific activities of the Common
Research Centre, mainly of the Ispra Establishment. Results obtained
in special fields are presented. H
-I EUR 1643.e
EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY
EURATOM'S SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES
JOINT NUCLEAR RESEARCH CENTER
ISPRA ESTABLISHMENT
1964
Joint Nuclear Research Center
Ispra Establishment - Italy INTRODUCTION
This report contains a number of papers which summarize some of
the basic research activities carried out at the Common Research
Centre of EURATOM, mainly at the Ispra establishment. It is an
appendix to chapter VI, entitled "Euratom'3 scientific activities"
of the publication "Euratom scientific and technical"
edited by the Commission of EURATOM.
These papers do not represent the main activities of the Common
Research Centre, which are.more of a technological nature. The stu­
dies presented in this report are to be considered as a supplement
to the major EURATOM Projects, in some cases stimulated by the lat­
ter and in other cases developed parallel to them.
The purpose of the present publication is to illustrate fields in
which some competence has been established and to describe results
which have already been obtained. It is evident that a publication
of this kind is necessarily very heterogeneous with respect to the
subject matter; for this less attractive feature the reader's indul­
gence would be appreciated.
H. KRAMERS
Scientific Director of the
Common Research Centre Ispra STUDY AND EXECUTION OF ANALOG-DIGITAL COMPUTING AT EURATOM
A. Debroux, H. d'Hoop, A. Riotte
Summary
Two types of linkage between analog and digital computers are considered:
- static linkage, which places the analog computer under the direct or in­
direct control of the digital computer in the problem set-up phase. The
APACHE code and its technical and programming developments are described;
- dynamic linkage, corresponding to a particular form of the hybrid concept
suitable for big general purpose computing centres.
Work and studies in these fields are described and the corresponding exhaus­
tive bibliography given. - κ -
1. Introduction
The merger of both digital and analog team3 under a common head since I96I
in the Scientific Data Processing Centre (CETIS) ha3 facilitated the rapid
development of common projects in the field of linkage between the two types
of machines (IBM 7090, IBM 1if01 and 3 Electronic Associates PACE 231R con­
soles with ADIOS system).
Two types of linkages were possible (l)(2J:
the first may be defined a3 a static or structural connection, preliminary
to the computation itself. It is concerned with the use of a digital program
for the automatic determination of the coefficients and patching of the ana­
log computer. The APACHE code was written for this purpose and permits the
setting-up and checking of an analog computer by the use of a language close
to the mathematical formulation. It is now in use in more than twenty large
computing centres in Europe and the United States.
The second form of linkage corresponds to the so-called hybrid concept:
in the present study, it has been considered as a two-way dynamic linkage
during computation, i.e., during the operation of the analog computer. Exten­
sive theoretical and technical work has been done on this subject in the form
of a research contract with SOLARTRON S.p.A.
It is clear that these different studies are the result of team collaboration,
as will be seen in the accompanying bibliography.
2. The APACHE Code (Analog Programming And CHEcking)
2.1. The compiler
The use of compilers, such as FORTRAN, as programming aids has been one
of the most important advances in digital computing, especially for handling
scientific problems. On the other hand, analog programming was lacking such
methods, which made the treatment of large problems cumbersome and unreliable.
The APACHE compiler (3) «as written by the European Atomic Energy Community
(Euratom) to fill this gap. When the APACHE code is used for solving an ana­
log problem, all preliminary routine operations are handled automatically by
a digital computer, which processes problem data in a suitable way for