The Rho-kinase signaling pathway in Tenon's capsule fibroblasts and retinal ganglion cells [Elektronische Ressource] : a novel pharmacological target for improving the outcomes of filtration surgery and promoting retinal cell survival in glaucoma / vorgelegt von Ayşegül Tura

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• Publié par: eberhard_karls_universitat_tubingen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 1 574
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 7 Mo

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The Rho-kinase Signaling Pathway in
Tenon’s Capsule Fibroblasts and Retinal Ganglion Cells:
A novel pharmacological target for improving the outcomes of filtration
surgery and promoting retinal cell survival in glaucoma






DISSERTATION


zur Erlangerung des Grades eines Doktors
der Naturwissenschaften



der Fakultät für Biologie
und
der Medizinischen Fakultät
der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen



vorgelegt
von

AY ŞEGÜL TURA

aus Istanbul, Türkei


2007




























Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13. 6. 2007

Dekan der Fakultät für Biologie: Prof. Dr. F. Schöffl
Dekan der Medizinischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. I. B. Autenrieth

1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. S. Grisanti
Dr. S. Henke-Fahle
2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. H. J. Wagner

Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. R. Feil
Prof. Dr. Kohler rof. Dr. HWolburg







Erklärungen


Ich erkläre hiermit,

1. dass ich bisher keine Promotions- oder entsprechende Prüfungsverfahren abgebrochen
oder abgeschlossen habe.

2. dass die vorgelegte Dissertation noch nie ganz oder teilweise als Dissertation oder
sonstige Prüfungsarbeit eingereicht worden ist und bereits teilweise in „Investigative
Ophthalmology & Visual Science“ veröffentlicht wurde.

3. dass ich die zur Promotion eingereichte Arbeit mit dem Titel:„ The Rho-kinase Signaling
Pathway in Tenon’s Capsule Fibroblasts and Retinal Ganglion Cells: A new
pharmacological target for improving the outomes of filtration surgery and promoting
retinal cell survival in glaucoma“ selbstständig verfasst, nur die angegebenen Quellen
und Hilfsmittel benutzt und wörtlich oder inhaltlich übernommene Stellen als solche
gekennzeichnet habe. Ich versichere an Eides statt, dass diese Angaben wahr sind und
dass ich nichts verschwiegen habe. Mir ist bekannt, dass die falsche Abgabe einer
Versicherung an Eides statt mit Freiheitsstrafe bis zu drei Jahren oder mit Geldstrafe
bestraft wird.

4. dass ich bisher weder strafrechtlich verurteilt, noch Disziplinarmaßnahmen und
anhängigen Straf- und Disziplinarverfahren unterzogen worden bin.





Tübingen, den 13.6.2007 …………………………………………….
(Unterschrift)








































Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Dr. Sigrid Henke-Fahle for providing me the opportunity to conduct this
comprehensive project. I also appreciate her valuable suggestions and friendly support.

I am grateful to Prof. Salvatore Grisanti for his constructive advices and continuous
motivation throughout my work. I also thank Dr. Frank Schüttauf for the productive
collaboration.

I feel indebted to Prof. Karl Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt for allowing me the opportunity to conduct
my research further at the University Eye Hospital, Tübingen. I would like to thank Prof.
Ulrich Schraermeyer for his kind support, as well.

I should not forget to mention the readiness of Prof. Horst Herbert to help along whenever I
encountered difficulties and the considerate efforts of the late Prof. Werner J. Schmidt. I am
also indebted to Prof. Hans-Joachim Wagner, Prof. Hartwig Wolburg, Prof. Konrad Kohler
and Prof. Robert Feil who kindly spared their time to evaluate my work.

My particular gratitude goes to Prof. Philippe P. Monnier for not only the inspiring discussions
but also for his patience and genuine friendship.

I also express my thanks to PD Dr. Bernhard K. Müller and Dr. Sabine Hirsch for their
friendly encouragement.

I owe Dr. Peter Szurman special thanks for his immeasurable support at difficult times.

I am also grateful to my colleagues at the Breuninger Labor for the pleasant working
atmosphere, particularly to Dr. Ana Sierra for always being a “comadre” and to Dr. Martin
Spitzer, Claudia Riedinger, Monika Wild, Sigrid Schultheiss, Helga Möller, Christel Fischer-
Lamprecht, Dr. Qi Zhu, Dr. Peter Heiduschka, Antje Biesemeier, Sven Schnichels, Kai
Januschowski, Judith Birch, Sabine Hofmeister, and Monika Rittgarn for their sincere
friendship.

Finally I would like to thank all the members of my family for their endless support.







1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………..…... 1

1.1. Glaucoma and the major risk factors …...…………………………………. 1
1.2. Possible mechanisms of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma............ 3
1.2.1. Neurotrophic factor deprivation…………………………………..… 4
1.2.2. Ischemia of the anterior optic nerve…………………………..….... 4
1.2.3. Glutamate excitotoxicity…….....……………………………………. 5
1.2.4. Oxidative stress………..…………………………………………….. 5
1.2.5. Glial cell activation……………………….…………….…………….. 7
1.2.6. Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells…..……………………………… 10
1.3. Current approaches of glaucoma treatment and their limitations……..… 11
1.3.1. Pharmacological treatment of glaucoma…………..………………. 11
1.3.2. Surgical treatment of glaucoma…………………..………………… 11
1.3.3. Postoperative wound healing – an initially protective attempt
resulting in the failure of glaucoma filtration surgery…………….. 12
1.4. The possible role of the Rho-kinase/ROCK signalling pathway in
postoperative wound healing and retinal cell damage…………………… 13
1.5. The aim of the study…………………………………………..……………... 17

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………...……. 19
2.1. Chemicals, culture reagents, assay kits, and other materials…..……….. 19
2.1.1. Chemicals and solutions………………………..…………………… 19
2.1.2. Cell and tissue culture reagents……………..……………………... 21
2.1.3. Assay kits……………………………………..………………………. 21
2.1.4. Other materials………………………………..……………………… 21
2.2. Buffers and solutions………………..……………………………………….. 22
2.3. Cell culture………………………..…………………………………………… 28
2.3.1. Culture of human Tenon’s capsule fibroblasts……………..……... 28
2.3.2. Growing fibroblasts on collagen-coated coverslips……..………... 28
2.3.3. Culture of RGC-5 cells…………………………………..…………... 29
2.3.4. Trypsinization of the cells……………………………..…………….. 29
2.4. Tissue culture………………………………………………...……………….. 30
2.4.1. Retinal flat mounts…………………………………..……………….. 30
2.4.2. Incubation of retinal flat mounts in the conditioned medium of 30
retina or optic nerve………………….............................................
2.4.3. Incubation of retinal flat mounts with reduced 30
glutathione (GSH)……………………………………………………………
2.4.4. Determining the level of total glutathione in retina…………..…… 31
2.5. Analyzing the wound healing activities of human Tenon’s capsule
fibroblasts……………………………………………………………………… 33
2.5.1. MTT Test………………………………………….……..……………. 33
2.5.2. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-incorporation………..………………... 33
2.5.3. Migration of fibroblasts on collagen gels………..…………………. 34
i

2.5.4. Scratch (wound) Assay……………………..……………………….. 34
2.5.5. Contraction assay……………………..……………………………... 35
2.6. Cytotoxicity assays…………………………...………………………………. 36
2.6.1. Ethidium homodimer-1 (EthD-1) staining……..…………………… 36
2.6.2. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay……...………………………. 36
2.7. Staining of cultured cells and retinae…………...………………………….. 38
2.7.1. Alexa488-Phalloidin Staining………..……………………………… 38
2.7.2. DAPI staining of fibroblasts embedded in collagen gels…..…….. 38
2.7.3. Immunofluorescence staining of fibroblasts and RGC-5 cells..…. 38
2.7.4. Preparing cryosections of collagen gels and flat mounted
retinae…………………………………………….............................. 39
2.7.5. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on the sections of retinae and
collagen gels…………………………………..……………………… 39
2.7.6. IHC on flat-mounted retina…………………………………..……… 39
2.8. Protein purification………………………………………………..………….. 42
2.8.1. Protein extraction from cells………………………..……………….. 42
2.8.2. Protein extraction from retinae……………………..………………. 42
2.8.3. Determining the protein concentration by Bradford assay……..... 42
2.8.4. Determining the protein concentration by bichinchoninic acid
(BCA) assay…………..………………………………………………. 43
2.9. SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Western blot..….. 44
2.9.1. SDS-PAGE……………………………………………..…………….. 44
2.9.2. Non-denaturing gel electrophoresis………………..………………. 44
2.9.3. Silver staining of gels……………………………..…………………. 45
2.9.4. Transfer of proteins onto nitrocellulose membranes ..…………… 46
2.9.5. PonceauS staining………………………………..………………….. 47
2.9.6. Western blot……………………………………..……………………. 47
2.9.7. Signal detection by NBT/BCIP…………………..………………….. 47
2.9.8.