English Synonyms and Antonyms - With Notes on the Correct Use of Prepositions

James Champlin Fernald

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• Publié par: muthor
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 55
• Langue: English

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Project Gutenberg's English Synonyms and Antonyms, by James Champlin Fernald
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Title: English Synonyms and Antonyms
With Notes on the Correct Use of Prepositions
Author: James Champlin Fernald
Release Date: May 21, 2009 [EBook #28900]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS ***
Produced by Jan-Fabian Humann, Stephen Blundell and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
English Synonyms
and Antonyms
A Practical and Invaluable Guide to Clear and
Precise Diction for Writers, Speakers, Students,
Business and Professional Men
Connectives of
English Speech
"The work is likely to prove of great value to all writers."—Washington Evening
Star.
"The book will receive high appreciation from thoughtful students who seek the
most practical help."—Grand Rapids Herald.
"It is written in a clear and pleasing style and so arranged that but a moment's
time is needed to find any line of the hundreds of important though small words
which this book discusses."—Chattanooga Times.
"Its practical reference value is great, and it is a great satisfaction to note the care
and attention to detail and fine shades of meaning the author has bestowed upon
the words he discusses."—Church Review, Hartford.
"A work of great practical helpfulness to a large class of people."—Louisville
Courier-Journal.
"This is one of the most useful books for writers, speakers, and all who care for
the use of language, which has appeared in a long time."—Cumberland
Presbyterian, Nashville.
"It is a book of great value to all who take any interest in correct and elegant
language."—Methodist, Baltimore.
"This work is a welcome aid to good writing and good speech. It is worthy the
close study of all who would cultivate finished style. Its admirable arrangement
and a good index make it easy for reference."—Christian Observer.
"His book has some excellent qualities. In the first place, it is absolutely free from
dogmatic assertion; in the second place, it contains copious examples from goodauthors, which should guide aright the person investigating any word, if he is
thoroughly conversant with English."—The Sun, New York.
STANDARD EDUCATIONAL SERIES
ENGLISH SYNONYMS
AND ANTONYMS
WITH NOTES ON THE
CORRECT USE OF PREPOSITIONS
DESIGNED AS A COMPANION FOR THE STUDY
AND AS A
TEXT-BOOK FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS
BY
JAMES C. FERNALD, L.H.D.
Editor of Synonyms, Antonyms, and Prepositions in the Standard Dictionary
NINETEENTH EDITION
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Copyright, 1896, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY.
Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, Eng.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES
Transcriber's Note:
Minor typographical errors have been corrected
without note, whilst a list of significant
amendments can be found at the end of the text.
Inconsistent hyphenation and conflicting variant
spellings have been standardised, except where
used for emphasis. The following linked table,
covering the main body of the text, has been
added for convenience.
A B C D E F G H I J K L
M N O P Q R S T U V W Y
CONTENTS.
PAGEPREFACE vii
PART I.
SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS AND PREPOSITIONS 1
PART II.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 377
INDEX 509
[vii]PREFACE.
The English language is peculiarly rich in synonyms, as, with such a history,
it could not fail to be. From the time of Julius Cæsar, Britons, Romans,
Northmen, Saxons, Danes, and Normans fighting, fortifying, and settling upon
the soil of England, with Scotch and Irish contending for mastery or existence
across the mountain border and the Channel, and all fenced in together by the
sea, could not but influence each other's speech. English merchants, sailors,
soldiers, and travelers, trading, warring, and exploring in every clime, of
necessity brought back new terms of sea and shore, of shop and camp and
battlefield. English scholars have studied Greek and Latin for a thousand years,
and the languages of the Continent and of the Orient in more recent times.
English churchmen have introduced words from Hebrew, Greek, and Latin,
through Bible and prayer-book, sermon and tract. From all this it results that
there is scarcely a language ever spoken among men that has not some
representative in English speech. The spirit of the Anglo-Saxon race, masterful
in language as in war and commerce, has subjugated all these various
elements to one idiom, making not a patchwork, but a composite language.
Anglo-Saxon thrift, finding often several words that originally expressed the
same idea, has detailed them to different parts of the common territory or to
different service, so that we have an almost unexampled variety of words,
kindred in meaning but distinct in usage, for expressing almost every shade of
human thought.
Scarcely any two of such words, commonly known as synonyms, are
identical at once in signification and in use. They have certain common ground
within which they are interchangeable; but outside of that each has its own
special province, within which any other word comes as an intruder. From
these two qualities arises the great value of synonyms as contributing to beauty
and effectiveness of expression. As interchangeable, they make possible that
freedom and variety by which the diction of an accomplished writer or speaker
differs from the wooden uniformity of a legal document. As distinct and specific,
they enable a master of style to choose in every instance the one term that is
[viii]the most perfect mirror of his thought. To write or speak to the best purpose, one
should know in the first place all the words from which he may choose, and
then the exact reason why in any case any particular word should be chosen.
To give such knowledge in these two directions is the office of a book of
synonyms.
Of Milton's diction Macaulay writes:
"His poetry acts like an incantation. Its merit lies less in its
obvious meaning than in its occult power. There would seem,
at first sight, to be no more in his words than in other words. But
they are words of enchantment. No sooner are they
pronounced, than the past is present and the distant near. New
forms of beauty start at once into existence, and all the burial
places of the memory give up their dead. Change the structure
of the sentence; substitute one synonym for another , and the
whole effect is destroyed. The spell loses its power; and he
who should then hope to conjure with it would find himself as
much mistaken as Cassim in the Arabian tale, when he stood
crying, 'Open Wheat,' 'Open Barley,' to the door which obeyed
no sound but 'Open Sesame.' The miserable failure of Dryden
in his attempt to translate into his own diction some parts of the
'Paradise Lost' is a remarkable instance of this."
Macaulay's own writings abound in examples of that exquisite precision in
the choice of words, which never seems to be precise, but has all the aspect of
absolute freedom. Through his language his thought bursts upon the mind as a
landscape is seen instantly, perfectly, and beautifully from a mountain height. Alittle vagueness of thought, a slight infelicity in the choice of words would be
like a cloud upon the mountain, obscuring the scene with a damp and chilling
mist. Let anyone try the experiment with a poem like Gray's "Elegy," or
Goldsmith's "Traveller" or "Deserted Village," of substituting other words for
those the poet has chosen, and he will readily perceive how much of the charm
of the lines depends upon their fine exactitude of expression.
In our own day, when so many are eager to write, and confident that they can
write, and when the press is sending forth by the ton that which is called
literature, but which somehow lacks the imprint of immortality, it is of the first
importance to revive the study of synonyms as a distinct branch of rhetorical
culture. Prevalent errors need at times to be noted and corrected, but the
teaching of pure English speech is the best defense against all that is inferior,
unsuitable, or repulsive. The most effective condemnation of an objectionable
word or phrase is that it is not found in scholarly works, and a student who has
once learned the rich stores of vigorous, beautiful, exact, and expressive words
that make up our noble language, is by that very fact put beyond the reach of all
[ix]temptation to linguistic corruption.
Special instruction in the use of synonyms is necessary, for the reason that
few students possess the analytical power and habit of mind required to hold a
succession of separate definitions in thought at once, compare them with each
other, and determine just where and how they part company; and the persons
least able to do this are the very ones most in need of the information. The
distinctions between words similar in meaning