Union and Democracy
402 pages
English

Union and Democracy

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The Project Gutenberg eBook, Union and Democracy,by Allen JohnsonThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.orgTitle: Union and DemocracyAuthor: Allen JohnsonRelease Date: August 30, 2007 [eBook #22461]Language: EnglishCharacter set encoding: ISO-8859-1***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UNION AND DEMOCRACY*** E-text prepared by G. Edward Johnson, Stacy Brown,and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team(http://www.pgdp.net) Thomas JeffersonFrom the original portrait by Stuart, at Bowdoin College.signature, Th. JeffersonUNION AND DEMOCRACYBYALLEN JOHNSONPROFESSOR OF AMERICAN HISTORYYALE UNIVERSITYThe RiversidePress logoHOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANYBOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGOThe Riverside Press CambridgeCOPYRIGHT, 1915, BY ALLEN JOHNSONALL RIGHTS RESERVEDThe Riverside PressCAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTSU. S. A.PREFACEThe title of this volume must be regarded as suggestive rather than as strictly accurate, for the beginnings of union are tobe found farther back than 1783, and democracy in its largest sense has even yet been only imperfectly realized. At theclose of the Revolution, union was but a name. What Metternich said of the Italy of his day might have been said of theUnited States in 1783: it was only a geographical ...

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Publié le 08 décembre 2010
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The Project Gutenberg
eBook, Union and
Democracy, by Allen
Johnson
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no
cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Union and Democracy
Author: Allen Johnson
Release Date: August 30, 2007 [eBook #22461]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK
UNION AND DEMOCRACY***
E-text prepared by G. Edward Johnson,
Stacy Brown,
and the Project Gutenberg Online
Distributed Proofreading Team
(http://www.pgdp.net)



Thomas Jefferson
From the original portrait by Stuart, at Bowdoin
College.
signature, Th. Jefferson
UNION AND
DEMOCRACY
BY
ALLEN JOHNSON
PROFESSOR OF AMERICAN HISTORY
YALE UNIVERSITY
The Riverside Press logoHOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO
The Riverside Press Cambridge
COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY ALLEN JOHNSON
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
The Riverside Press
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
U. S. A.
PREFACE
The title of this volume must be regarded as
suggestive rather than as strictly accurate, for the
beginnings of union are to be found farther back than
1783, and democracy in its largest sense has even yet
been only imperfectly realized. At the close of the
Revolution, union was but a name. What Metternich
said of the Italy of his day might have been said of the
United States in 1783: it was only a geographical
expression. The formation of the new federal union
under the Constitution is properly the main, though not
the sole, theme of this volume. Behind the thirteen
Atlantic communities lay a vast region which almost at
once invited the colonizing activities of the people. The
rise of this western world is a movement of immense
significance. Out of the bosom of the West emerged
the new democracy which transformed the face of
society in the old States. Whether viewed
economically or politically, this forms the second
theme in any history of the times. Around these two
movements, therefore, I have endeavored to groupthe events of forty-five years.
Within the last few years special studies have added
much to the common stock of historical information,
and in many ways effected changes in the historian's
point of view. The time seemed proper to restate the
salient factors in the history of this formative period. I
have frankly appropriated the labors of others. Had
the plan of the series permitted the use of footnotes, I
would gladly have made particular acknowledgment of
my indebtedness. At the same time I have not
hesitated to present the results of my own studies
where they have led away from the conventional view
of men and events.
In preparation of the maps showing the popular vote in
the elections of 1800 and 1824, I have drawn largely
upon the data which Dr. Charles O. Paullin, of the
Carnegie Institution, has generously put at my
disposal. In States where the presidential electors
were not chosen directly by the voters, other votes,
such as those for governor, have been made the basis
for determining the popular choice among party
candidates for the presidency. Two of my graduate
students, Miss Isabel S. Mitchell and Mr. Joseph E.
Howe, have given me valuable assistance in the
execution of the maps. I am under particular obligation
to my colleague, Professor Stewart L. Mims, for
reading critically both manuscript and proof.
Allen Johnson.
CONTENTSI. The Ordeal of the Confederation 1
II. The Making of the Constitution 25
III. The Restoration of Public Credit 46
IV. The Testing of the New Government 68
V. Anglomen and Jacobins 89
VI. The Revolution of 1800 105
VII. Jeffersonian Reforms 123
The Purchase of the Province of Louisian
VIII. 143
a
IX. Faction and Conspiracy 161
X. Peaceable Coercion 179
XI. The Approach of War 197
XII. The War of 1812 212
XIII. The Results of the War 231
XIV. The Westward Movement 245
XV. Hard Times 266
XVI. The National Awakening 282
XVII. The New Democracy 298
XVIII
Politics and State Rights 318
.
XIX. The Rise of National Sovereignty 331
Index i
MAPS AND CHARTSThe United States in 1783 facing 1
State-making in the West, 1783-87 9
Distribution of Votes in Ratification of T
he Constitution:
The New England States 37
The Middle States 39
The Southern States 42
Distribution of Population, 1790 49
Vote on Assumption 59
The Northwest, 1785-95 71
Vote on the Repeal of the Alien and Se between 1
dition Acts, February 25, 1799 12 and 113
between 116
Presidential Election of 1800
and 117
Distribution of Population, 1800 125
Vote on the Repeal of the Judiciary Act between 134
, March 2, 1802 and 135
The Yazoo-Georgia Land Controversy 168
The Tonnage of the United States, 180
185
7
Vote on the Embargo, December 21, 1 between 190
807 and 191
Vote on the Declaration of War, June 4 between 208
, 1812 and 209
Land Sales and Land Offices To 1821 248
The Cotton Crop in the United States,
250250
1801-34
The West As an Economic Section in 1
253
820
Treaty With Spain, 1819 263
Distribution of Slaves in 1820 270
Vote on the Missouri Compromise, Ma
278
rch 2, 1820
Russian Claims in North America 293
Distribution of Population, 1820 299
States Admitted To the Union Between
306
1812 and 1821
between 310
Vote on the Tariff Bill, April 16, 1824
and 311
between 314
Presidential Election of 1824
and 315
between 328
Vote on the Tariff Bill, April 22, 1828
and 329
Canals in the United States About 182
341
5
Highways of the United States About 1
344
825
UNION AND DEMOCRACY
The United States in 1783UNION AND DEMOCRACY
CHAPTER I
THE ORDEAL OF THE CONFEDERATION
It was characteristic of the people of the United States
that once assured of their political independence they
should face their economic future with buoyant
expectations. As colonizers of a new world they were
confident in their own strength. When once the
shackles of the British mercantile system were shaken
off, they did not doubt their ability to compete for the
markets of the world. Even Washington, who had
fewer illusions than most of his contemporaries, told
his fellow citizens of America that they were "placed in
the most enviable condition, as sole lords and
proprietors of a vast tract of continent, comprehending
all the various soils and climates of the world, and
abounding with all the necessaries and conveniences
of life." Independence was the magic word which the
common man believed would open wide the gates of
prosperity. Yet within a year after the ratification of the
Peace of Paris, American society was in the throes of
a severe industrial depression.
Contrary to the accepted view, the latter years of the
war were not years of penury and want among the
people. Outside of those regions of Virginia and the
Carolinas, which were devastated by the marching and
countermarching of the combatants, the people were
living in comparative comfort. North of the Potomac,
indeed, there was even a tendency to speculation in
business and extravagance in living. Throughout thewar farmers had found a ready market for their
produce within the lines of the British and French
armies. The temporary suspension of commerce had
encouraged many forms of productive industry. As the
war continued, venturesome skippers eluded British
men-of-war and found their way to European or Dutch
West India ports, bringing home rich cargoes in
exchange for tobacco, flour, and rice. The prizes
brought in by privateers added largely to the stock of
desirable and attractive merchandise in the shops of
Boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston. If such
prosperity could follow in the wake of war, what
commercial gains might not be expected in the piping
times of peace? In anticipation of immediate returns,
merchants drew heavily upon their foreign creditors
and stocked their shops with imported commodities.
Southern planters indulged similar expectations and
bought land and slaves on credit, regardless of the
price. "A rage for running in debt became epidemical,"
wrote a contemporary observer. "Individuals were for
getting rich by a coup de main; a good bargain—a
happy speculation—was almost every man's object
and pursuit."
During the hard times of 1785-86 these golden
dreams vanished. Instead of sharing as the people of
an independent nation in the trade and commerce of
the world, American shippers found themselves no
better off than they were as dependents of Great
Britain. Orders in council at once closed the ports of
the British West Indies to all staple products which
were not carried in British bottoms. Certain
commodities,—fish, pork, and beef,—which might
compete with the products of British dependencies,

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