Vers une économie du bonheur

Cluzelaud André

Description

Pour saisir la pensée économique anglo-saxonne, il convient de se tourner vers des auteurs comme Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, puis Hume, Bentham et John-Stuart Mill. Avec eux, une ligne de pensée se dégage : l'utilitarisme. Issu de l'empirisme, l'utilitarisme a pour mission de conduire « le plus grand nombre » au « plus grand bonheur » par la voie économique fondée sur le travail et encadrée par des institutions dont l'objectif n'est pas de dissoudre les valeurs individuelles mais, au contraire, d'en faire profiter toute la communauté.

Sujets

• Philosophie
• Économie
• Philosophie et théologie

Informations

• Publié par: L'Harmattan
• Date de parution: 15 novembre 2014
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• EAN13: 9782336361970
• Langue: Français

Extrait

33

André CLUZELAUD

VERS UNE ECONOMIE DU BONHEUR

Inluence de ’utiitarisme ango-saxon de Francis BACON à John-Stuart MILL

1

2

9(56 81( (&2120,( '8 %21+(85

3

4

André CLUZELAUD

9(56 81( (&2120,( '8 %21+(85 ,QIOXHQFH GH O·XWLOLWDULVPH DQJORVD[RQ GH )rancis%$&21 j -ohn6tuart0,//

© L’Harmattan, 2014 5-7, rue de l’École-Polytechnique ; 75005 Paris http://www.harmattan.fr [e-mail] [e-mail] ISBN : 978-2-343-04700-3 EAN : 9782343047003

,1752'8&7,21 6HORQ $ULVWRWH OHV KRPPHV WHQGHQW YHUV FH VRXYHUDLQ ELHQ TX·HVW OH ERQKHXU PDLV KpVLWDQW HW VH GLYLVDQW VXU VD YpULWDEOH QDWXUH LOV OH FRQIRQGHQW DYHF GHV ELHQV GH TXDOLWp GLYHUVH FRPPH OD YHUWX OD VDQWp O·KRQQHXU RX OD ULFKHVVH TXL QH VRQW HQ UpDOLWp TXH GHV PR\HQV HQ YXH GX  ERQKHXU TXL VHXO QH VDXUDLW rWUH UHFKHUFKp TXH SRXU OXLPrPH  /·RQ SHXW FRQWHVWHU FHWWH DQDO\VH &·HVW HQ WRXW pWDW GH FDXVH VXU OH U{OH GH O·pFRQRPLH SRXUYR\HXVH GH ULFKHVVH GDQV OD UHFKHUFKH GX ERQKHXU GRQW OD FLYLOLVDWLRQ G·DXMRXUG·KXL QRXV RIIUH OH VSHFWDFOH TXH QRXV QRXV SURSRVRQV G·DWWLUHU O·DWWHQWLRQ RX SOXV H[DFWHPHQW VXU OD SKLORVRSKLH PRUDOH HW SROLWLTXH TXL VRXVWHQG O·pYROXWLRQ TXL O·D SRUWpH DX SUHPLHU SODQ  &HWWH GHUQLqUH Q·D SX VH IDLUH TXH GDQV OH FDGUH G·XQH VRFLpWp RUJDQLVpH 6L DX[ RULJLQHV O·LPSpUDWLI GHV KRPPHV pWDLW GH VXUYLYUH HQ XWLOLVDQW GHV PR\HQV UXGLPHQWDLUHV SRXU VH SURFXUHU GH TXRL VH QRXUULU OH PRW pFRQRPLH TXL HVW Qp GDQV O·$QWLTXLWp JUHFTXH FKH] ;pQRSKRQ HW FRQFHUQH OHV DIIDLUHV GH OD PDLVRQ VXSSRVH GpMj XQ FHUWDLQ GHJUp G·RUJDQLVDWLRQ 'H OD PrPH PDQLqUH GDQV OD PHVXUH R OD VpFXULWp GHV ELHQV HVW OLpH j OD VpFXULWp GHV SHUVRQQHV O·RQ SHXW VRXWHQLU TXH F·HVW SRXU GHV UDLVRQV pFRQRPLTXHV TXH OHV KRPPHV SRXUVXLYDQW GDQV OD PrPH YRLH RQW FUpp OD VRFLpWp FLYLOH GRWpH G·XQH MXVWLFH HW G·XQ JRXYHUQHPHQW  /·RQ SHXW UHPDUTXHU TXH O·pFRQRPLH D pWp ORQJWHPSV PDLQWHQXH GDQV XQ SpULPqWUH pWURLW SDU GHV LQVWLWXWLRQV GRQW OHV UHSUpVHQWDQWV V·DSSX\DLHQW VXU OD PRUDOH UHOLJLHXVH RX SRSXODLUH HQ YXH G·DVVXUHU VD ERQQH PDUFKH FRPPH G·DVVXUHU OHXU SURSUH DXWRULWp 1pDQPRLQV O·DFWLYLWp pFRQRPLTXH V·HVW GpYHORSSpH DX ILO GHV VLqFOHV VHORQ XQ SURFHVVXV TXL V·HVW DFFpOpUp HQ (XURSH j SDUWLU GH OD 5HQDLVVDQFH SRXU  GRQQHU QDLVVDQFH j O·pFRQRPLH SROLWLTXH PRGHUQH  (Q PrPH WHPSV  (WKLTXH GH 1LFRPDTXH WUDG - 9RLOTXLQ 3DULV  *DUQLHU)ODPPDULRQ O ,, FKDS 9 SS  FKDS 9,, S  FKDS 9,,, SS    /H WHUPH HVW DSSDUX SRXU OD SUHPLqUH IRLV GDQV OH7UDLWp G·pFRQRPLH SROLWLTXH GH 0RQFKUpWLHQ TXL pODUJLVVDLW OD VSKqUH GH OD PDLVRQ j ODTXHOOH VH FLUFRQVFULYDLW O·pFRQRPLH DX[ GLPHQVLRQV GH O·(WDW &·HVW pJDOHPHQW GH FHWWH PDQLqUH TXH O·HQWHQG - %RGLQ GDQV/HV VL[ OLYUHV GH OD UpSXEOLTXH $X VLqFOH VXLYDQW O·pFRQRPLH SROLWLTXH VH FRQVWLWXH FRPPH VFLHQFH DYHF OHV 3K\VLRFUDWHV ELHQ TXH FHX[FL HQ DWWULEXDQW j O·DJULFXOWXUH OD SUHPLqUH SODFH GDQV OD SURGXFWLRQ GH OD ULFKHVVH FRQWLQXHQW GH IDLUH DSSDUDvWUH OH VRXYHUDLQ HW OHV SURSULpWDLUHV WHUULHQV FRPPH OHV SqUHV QRXUULFLHUV GH OD QDWLRQ GDQV OD SOXV SXUH WUDGLWLRQ GRPHVWLTXH (Q $QJOHWHUUH -RKQ /RFNH SHQVH HQFRUH HQ  TX·© XQ 5R\DXPH V·HQULFKLW HW V·DSSDXYULW GH OD PrPH PDQLqUH TX·XQ IHUPLHU HW

7

FHWWH GHUQLqUH D DIILUPp GqV OH ;9,,H VLqFOH VRQ U{OH GDQV OD UHFKHUFKH GX ERQKHXU HW QH FHVVHUD GH OH SURFODPHU DYHF OHV GpYHORSSHPHQWV VFLHQWLILTXHV HW WHFKQLTXHV GHV VLqFOHV VXLYDQWV  (OOH D IDLW FHOD HQ V·DOOLDQW GX PRLQV HQ $QJOHWHUUH j XQ V\VWqPH PRUDO O·XWLOLWDULVPH TXL GqV FHWWH pSRTXH D LQVWDXUp XQH IRUPH GH FRQWLQXLWp GDQV OD SHQVpH GH FH SD\V /·XWLOLWDULVPH HVW XQ GpYHORSSHPHQW GH OD QRWLRQ G·XWLOLWp TXL VH UDSSRUWH DX ELHQ TXH O·RQ SHXW WLUHU GH OD PLVH HQ ±XYUH GH FHUWDLQHV FDSDFLWpV RX GH FHUWDLQV PR\HQV HW D GqV OH GpSDUW XQ F{Wp SUDWLTXH YRLUH WHUUHjWHUUH PDLV YLWDO HW SHXW VHUYLU GH EDVH j XQ V\VWqPH TXL HQ GpJDJH HW HQ PDJQLILH WRXV OHV FDUDFWqUHV $LQVL O·XWLOLWDULVPH TXL V·DSSXLH VXU OD UHFKHUFKH GX SODLVLU HW OD IXLWH GH OD GRXOHXU HVW XQ KpGRQLVPH SXLVTX·LO IDLW GX SODLVLU OH IRQGHPHQW GX ELHQ HW XQ HXGpPRQLVPH SXLVTX·LO FRQVLGqUH OH ERQKHXU FRPPH ILQ SRUWDQW OH ELHQ j VD SHUIHFWLRQ 0DLV FRPPH VRQ QRP O·LQGLTXH LO PHW O·DFFHQW VXU OHV PR\HQV j PHWWUH HQ ±XYUH HQ YXH G·XQ ERQKHXU TXL QH VDXUDLW rWUH TXH JpQpUDO PR\HQV MXULGLTXHV SROLWLTXHV HW IRQGDPHQWDOHPHQW pFRQRPLTXHV HW GpYHORSSH j FHWWH ILQ OD QRWLRQ G·LQWpUrW  2U D\DQW PLV FHWWH QRWLRQ HQ DYDQW FRPPH FH TX·LO FRQYLHQW GH VXLYUH SRXU IDYRULVHU OHV GHPDQGHV GH OD QDWXUH KXPDLQH OHV XWLOLWDULVWHV DXUDLHQW SX HQ UHVWHU Oj PDLV LOV RQW DFFRUGp XQH YDOHXU PRUDOH j OHXU GpPDUFKH &HUWHV OH SULQFLSH G·XWLOLWp VXU OHTXHO HOOH HVW IRQGpH UHVWH SRXU VHV DXWHXUV XQ SULQFLSH TXL FRPPDQGH OD UHFKHUFKH GH FH TXL DSSDUDvW FRPPH OHV FRQGLWLRQV HVVHQWLHOOHV GX ERQKHXU OD VXUYLH HW OH ELHQrWUH 0DLV OD PRUDOH XWLOLWDULVWH FRQVLVWH j DSSURXYHU HW SDU Oj j GpYHORSSHU O·XVDJH GH FHV PR\HQV \ FRPSULV GDQV FH TX·LOV RQW G·DUWLILFLHO 3RXU VHV WHQDQWV FH SULQFLSH HVW HQ PDUFKH GqV OHV RULJLQHV ELHQ TXH O·pWDW GH OHXUV FRQQDLVVDQFHV HW OD IRUFH DYHXJOH GH OHXUV SDVVLRQV QH SHUPHWWHQW SDV DX[ KRPPHV G·HQ WLUHU OH PHLOOHXU SDUWL GDQV OHXUV UHODWLRQV DYHF OHXUV VHPEODEOHV VHORQ +REEHV PrPH OD JXHUUH SHXW rWUH XWLOH /·XWLOLWp GHYLHQGUD XWLOLWDULVPH ORUVTXH OH VHQV GH OHXUV LQWpUrWV DPqQHUD OHV LQGLYLGXV j V·LQWpJUHU GH IDoRQ SOXV pWURLWH GDQV OD VRFLpWp  HOOH FRQFHUQHUD DORUV © OH SOXV JUDQG ERQKHXU GX SOXV JUDQG QRPEUH ª VHORQ OD IRUPXOH FODVVLTXH GH %HQWKDP 0DLV DYDQW G·HQ DUULYHU j FH VWDGH XOWLPH LO DXUD IDOOX TXH O·XWLOLWp V·LQFDUQH GDQV GHV PR\HQV SROLWLTXHV HW

SDV DXWUHPHQW ª 6RPH &RQVLGHUDWLRQVRI WKH &RQVHTXHQFHV RI WKH /RZHULQJ RI ,QWHUHVW DQG WKH 5DLVLQJ RI WKH 9DOXH RI 0RQH\:RUNV /RQGUHV  UpLPS 6FLHQWLD 9HUODJ $DOHQ  YRO 9 S  ,O V·RSSRVH WRXWHIRLV DX V\VWqPH SDWULDUFDO VRXWHQX HQ $QJOHWHUUH SDU 5REHUW )LOPHU HW SU{QDQW OD SURSULpWp LQGLYLGXHOOH HW OD OLEHUWp FRQWUDFWXHOOH SRVH OHV EDVHV G·XQ V\VWqPH pFRQRPLTXH TXL VXSSRVH XQH UpIRUPH GH O·(WDW j ODTXHOOH V·pWDLW GpMj LQWpUHVVp +REEHV FRPPH OH IHURQW WRXV OHV SKLORVRSKHV TXL WUDLWHURQW XOWpULHXUHPHQW G·pFRQRPLH SROLWLTXH

8

pFRQRPLTXHV WRXMRXUV SOXV pODERUpV HW HQ SUHPLHU OLHX GDQV OHV DYDQFpHV VFLHQWLILTXHV HW WHFKQLTXHV GHVTXHOV FHX[FL GpSHQGHQW  7HOOH HVW GH FH SRLQW GH YXH OD GpPDUFKH TX·DGRSWH %DFRQ DX GpEXW GX ;9,,H VLqFOH HW TXL HVW DX[ RULJLQHV GX PRXYHPHQW XWLOLWDULVWH  JUkFH DX[ FRQQDLVVDQFHV HW j OD PDvWULVH GHV SKpQRPqQHV SHUPLVHV SDU OHV PpWKRGHV GH OD VFLHQFH H[SpULPHQWDOH SUpFRQLVpHV SDU O·DXWHXU pOLVDEpWKDLQ O·pFRQRPLH TXL V·DSSUrWH j rWUH FRQGXLWH VXU FHV EDVHV SHUPHWWUD DX[ KRPPHV GDQV OH GRPDLQH GH OD SURGXFWLRQ HW GH O·pFKDQJH GHV ELHQV GH UpDOLVHU XQH SDUWLH YLWDOH GH OHXUV REMHFWLIV  +REEHV XQ WHPSV VHFUpWDLUH GH %DFRQ YD SRXU VD SDUW VH ODQFHU j OD UHFKHUFKH GH OD SXLVVDQFH SROLWLTXH FDSDEOH GH VH PHWWUH DX VHUYLFH GH O·KRPPH HW GH VRQ ERQKHXU JUkFH j OD FRQQDLVVDQFH HPSLULTXH GH VHV SDVVLRQV HW O·pGLILFDWLRQ VXU FH IRQGHPHQW GH OD VRFLpWp FLYLOH OD SOXV UDWLRQQHOOH SRVVLEOH $ FHWWH ILQ O·DXWHXU GX/pYLDWKDQO·KRPPH SUpVHQWH FRPPH XQ rWUH QDWXUHOOHPHQW pJRwVWH GRQW O·DUPH HVW XQH UDLVRQ FDOFXODWULFH TXL OH SRXVVH j QHXWUDOLVHU OHV H[FqV GH VHV SDVVLRQV SDU OD FUDLQWH G·XQ VRXYHUDLQ DEVROX TXL OXL ODLVVH QpDQPRLQV WRXWH OLEHUWp GH IDLUH FH TXH OD ORL QH OXL LQWHUGLW SDV QRWDPPHQW GDQV OH GRPDLQH pFRQRPLTXH /D QRWLRQ TXL VH GpJDJH GH FH SURFHVVXV HVW OD QRWLRQ G·LQWpUrW  LQWpUrW GX VXMHW OLp j VD VpFXULWp LQWpUrW GX VRXYHUDLQ GDQV O·XWLOLVDWLRQ UDWLRQQHOOH GX SRXYRLU /·±XYUH GH +REEHV HVW IRUWH HW RULJLQDOH  VHV VXFFHVVHXUV FKHUFKHURQW j O·pGXOFRUHU RX SUpWHQGURQW O·LJQRUHU WRXW HQ V·HQ LQVSLUDQW FDU HOOH SURSRVH XQ FDGUH SROLWLTXH WRXW VRPPDLUH HW EUXWDO VRLWLO j OD UHFKHUFKH GX ERQKHXU  3DUPL FHX[FL /RFNH UHIXVH GH IDLUH GH O·KRPPH XQ SRUWUDLW TXL HQ DSSHOOH j GHV VROXWLRQV SROLWLTXHV UDGLFDOHV GDQV OD PHVXUH R SRXU OXL O·KRPPH HVW XQ rWUH GRQW OHV SDVVLRQV GDQJHUHXVHV SHXYHQW rWUH WHQXHV HQ ODLVVH DYDQW WRXWH LQWHUYHQWLRQ SROLWLTXH SDU VD UDLVRQ DVVLVWpH SDU GHV SHQFKDQWV VRFLDX[ /·DXWHXU GH O·(VVDL FRQFHUQDQW O·HQWHQGHPHQW KXPDLQ DGPHW VHORQ O·HQVHLJQHPHQW GH VDLQW 7KRPDV G·$TXLQ UHSULV SDU +RRNHU O·LQIOXHQFH GH OD GLYLQLWp VXU OD UDLVRQ DYDQW GH VH WRXUQHU YHUV XQH FRQFHSWLRQ HPSLULTXH GH VD IRUPDWLRQ SRXU HQ GpJDJHU OHV OLJQHV G·DFWLRQ TXL SHUPHWWHQW j O·KRPPH GH V·pORLJQHU GH OD PLVqUH HW GH JR€WHU XQH IRUPH GH ERQKHXU RX GX PRLQV GH WUDQTXLOOLWp /RFNH KpVLWH VXU OD YUDLH QDWXUH GX ERQKHXU ERQKHXU WHPSRUHO RX ERQKHXU GDQV O·DXGHOj FDU OH VHQWLPHQW GRPLQDQW TXL DQLPH O·KRPPH HVW O·LQTXLpWXGH TXL SHXW rWUH OHYpH SDU O·HVSpUDQFH GX VDOXW FRPPH SDU O·DWWHQWH GHV ELHQV GH FH PRQGH &HWWH GHUQLqUH YRLH Q·HVW SDV LQFRPSDWLEOH DYHF OD YRLH UHOLJLHXVH HQ WDQW TXH OD FRQVHUYDWLRQ HW OH ERQKHXU GH OD FUpDWXUH IRQW SDUWLH GX SODQ GH 'LHX /HV GURLWV QDWXUHOV VRQW QpFHVVDLUHV j O·H[pFXWLRQ GX GHYRLU PRUDO GH FRQVHUYHU VD YLH  PDLV LOV YRQW VXUWRXW UpVXOWHU GH OD SULVH HQ

9