Phase separation in carbon [Elektronische Ressource] : transition metal nanocomposite thin films / vorgelegt von Markus Berndt

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• Physik

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_dresden
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 26
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 32 Mo

Extrait

Institut fur Ionenstrahlphysik und Materialforschung
Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e. V.
Phase separation in
carbon:transition metal
nanocomposite thin films
von der
Fakultat Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften
der Technischen Universitat Dresden
genehmigte
Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doctor rerum naturalium
(Dr. rer. nat.)
vorgelegt von
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Markus Berndt
geboren am 14.05.1981 in Zwickau
Dresden 2009Eingereicht am 09.09.2009
1.Gutachter: Prof. Dr. W. Moller
2.Gutachter: Prof. Dr. W. ZahnIII
Contents
Abbreviations V
1 Introduction 1
2 Basic principles 4
2.1 Bonds between carbon atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 The carbon allotropes: graphite, diamond, fullerenes and others . . . . 5
2.3 Transition metals and their carbides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Phase diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4.1 General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4.2 Phase diagrams of carbon-vanadium, carbon-cobalt and carbon-
copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 Growth mechanisms of single- and multicomponent lms . . . . . . . . 15
2.6 Carbon:transition metal nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.6.1 C:V nanocomposite lms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.2 C:Co nanocomposite lms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6.3 C:Cu nanocomposite lms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 Film deposition and annealing 25
3.1 Ion beam sputter deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Experimental set up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 Film characterization 29
4.1 Elastic recoil detection analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2 X-ray di raction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3 Transmission electron microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4 Raman spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.4.1 Principle of Raman spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.4.2 Raman spectroscopy of carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.4.3 spy set up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5 Results and discussion 38
5.1 Phase separation during lm growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.1.1 Film composition and depth pro les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.1.2 Dispersed phase: XRD investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.1.3 Structure and morphology of the lms: TEM investigations . . . 47
5.1.4 Carbon matrix: Raman spectroscopic investigations . . . . . . . 55
5.1.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61IV Contents
5.2 Phase separation during post-deposition annealing of the nanocomposite
thin lms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.2.1 Film composition and depth pro les of annealed samples . . . . 73
5.2.2 Dispersed phase: XRD investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.2.3 Modi cation of lm morphology: TEM investigations . . . . . . 77
5.2.4 Carbon matrix: Raman spectroscopic inv . . . . . . . 83
5.2.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6 Conclusion 94
7 Appendix 98
7.1 Raman spectra tting parameters of as-deposited C and C:TM lms . . 98
7.2 spectra tting of annealed samples . . . . . . . . . 101
Bibliography 103
List of gures 112
List of tables 117
Erklarung 119
Acknowledgment 121V
Abbreviations
3D Three-dimensional
a-C Amorphous carbon
a-C:H Hydrogenated amorphous carbon
BF Bright- eld
BN Boron nitride
BWF Breit-Wigner-Fano
BZ Brillouin zone
C Carbon
c Cubic
ccp closed-packed
CN Carbon nitridex
cs Cross-section
C:TM Carbon:transition metal
DF Dark- eld
DSC Di erential scanning calorimetry
DLC Diamondlike carbon
ERDA Elastic recoil detection analysis
fcc Face-centered cubic
FFT Fast Fourier transformation
FWHM Full width at half maximum
FL Fullerene-like
GID Grazing incidence di raction
GLC Graphite-like carbon
GISAXS Grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering
h Hexagonal
hcp Hexagonal closed-packed
HOPG Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite
HRTEM High resolution transmission electron microscopy
IBS Ion beam sputtering
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
MS Magnetron sputtering
nc-graphite Nanocrystalline graphite
NPs Nanoparticles
PACVD Plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition
PFCVA Pulsed ltered cathodic vacuum arc
PLD laser deposition
pv Plan-viewVI Contents
PVD Physical vapor deposition
SAED Selected area electron di raction
SEM Scanning electron microscopy
SQUID Superconducting quantum interference device
T Annealing temperaturea
ta-C Tetrahedral amorphous carbon
ta-C:H Hydrogenated tetrahedral amorphous carbon
TEM Transmission electron microscopy
TK Tuinstra-Koenig
TM Transition metal
T Substrate temperatures
XRD X-ray di raction
VDOS Vibrational density of states1 Introduction
Nanocomposites consist of two or more phases, whereby at least one component has
one dimension less than 100 nm [1]. They are advanced functional materials whose
mechanical, electrical, optical, and structural properties cannot be predicted from the
properties of the individual components alone, but strongly depend on the composite
structure. This is mainly associated with the high surface to volume ratio of the
nanometer sized phase resulting in many interfaces between the constituent phases.
In thin lms, the small grain size which is by a factor of more than 100 smaller than
for bulk materials and the large surface-to-bulk ratio cause thin lms to behave di er-
ent from their bulk counterparts [2]. Nanocomposite lms have received considerable
interest for their potential application in many elds [1]. Despite the important role of
interfaces for nanocomposite properties, there is a lack of understanding in the struc-
ture forming phenomena of multiphase lms and their stability involving the interplay
of thermodynamic and kinetic factors. A deposition can be considered as a sudden
quench from a homogeneous mixture of two or more components in the vapor phase
upon adsorption on the substrate into a state corresponding to a phase coexistence in
the phase diagram [3]. Thermodynamically, the systems tends to phase separate into
its major lm constituents or the respective compounds, while the phase separation
process is dictated by the kinetical parameters such as surface di usivity of adatoms
and their covering rate.
Among nanocomposite lms, carbon:transition metal (C:TM) nanocomposite lms
possess a unique combination of properties which make them promising candidates for
high-density magnetic recording media, spintronic devices, low-friction solid lubricants,
or hard wear resistant coatings [4{19]. Such nanocomposites have been synthesized by
di erent physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques such as ion beam co-sputtering
[4, 10, 20{24], magnetron sputtering (MS) [5, 17, 18, 25, 26], pulsed ltered cathodic
vacuum arc (PFCVA) deposition [6, 9],or pulsed laser deposition (PLD) [16, 27], while
hybrid processes such as plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) [28{31]
are also appropriate for the synthesis of C:TM nanocomposite lms.
The structure of so-grown nanocomposites consists of metal-rich nanoparticles em-
bedded in a carbon matrix. Dependent on the growth conditions, metal-rich nanopar-
ticles can be either metallic [10, 18, 20, 23{25] or carbidic [18, 20, 25, 32] (chemical
state), amorphous [5, 25, 33, 34] or crystalline [17, 20, 25, 32] (phase), globular [17, 18]
or elongated [10, 17, 18, 20, 25, 32] (morphology). On the other hand, the carbon
matrix can be amorphous [6, 16, 18, 23], graphite-like with graphene layers curved into2 1 Introduction
a cylindrical shape encapsulating elongated nanoparticles [6, 10, 18, 20, 23, 25], and
fullerene-like (FL) with a spherical-like curvature encapsulating globular nanoparticles
[17, 18]. It has been demonstrated that such a growth proceeds via feedback interac-
tions between the dispersed phase and the matrix [3], with the matrix a ecting the
morphology of the dispersed phase, the latter in uencing on its turn the matrix struc-
ture. Obviously, the chemical interaction between the nanocomposite constituents has
to play a role in addition to other growth parameters such as temperature, compo-
sition, presence of energetic ions, etc... Although di erent C:TM systems have been
investigated in the literature, the growth technique sensitivity does not allow drawing
global conclusions and general tendencies. There is a lack of a systematic investiga-
tion to reveal the dispersed phase-matrix feedback interactions and the in uence of the
C-TM chemistry on the growth-structure relationship of C:TM nanocomposite lms.
Thus, the purpose of this work is to shed some light on these complex interactions and
to disentangle the underlying mechanisms responsible for a particular nanostructure
formation.
In order to ll this gap, this work is a comprehensive study on structural changes
in C:TM nanocomposite lms of both the dispersed meta