Effect of copper salts on performance, cholesterol, residues in liver, eggs and excreta of laying hens (Efecto de sales DE cobre sobre la puesta, colesterol, acumulación y residuos en hígado, huevos y excretas de gallinas ponedoras)

Idowu O.M.O.

Description

Abstract
Increasing the supplementation from 0 to 250 mgCu/kg with Copper sulphate pentahydrate, CuSO4.5H2O and Copper proteinate (CuP) increased hen day egg production and Haugh unit while the feed intake, feed per dozen egg laid decreased. Whole egg and egg yolk cholesterol concentrations were significantly lowered and more cholesterol was excreted in CuP supple-mented group. Liver and plasma (free, ester and total) cholesterol concentrations of hens fed CuSO4.5H2O supplemented diets were higher. Egg, yolk cholesterol, plasma cholesterol, lipoprotein and liver cholesterol concentrations reduced linearly as Cu dosage increased. Hens fed diets supplemented with CuP had a higher liver and excreta Cu residue. There was no difference in Cu residue values of the excreta, whole egg and egg yolk in both Cu sources.
Resumen
Incrementando de 0 a 250 mgCu/kg en la dieta con CuSO4.5H2O o proteinato de cobre (CuP), aumentó la producción diaria de huevos y unidades Haugh y disminuyó la ingestión de pienso por docena de huevos. La concentración de colesterol en el huevo y en la yema disminuyó y las gallinas excretaron más colesterol en el grupo suplementado con CuP. Las concentraciones de colesterol (ésteres libres y total) en el hígado y plasma, suplementando con CuSO4.5H2O, fueron mayores. Los niveles de colesterol del huevo, de la yema, del plasma así como las lipoproteínas y colesterol del hígado se redujeron linealmente al aumentar Cu de 0 a 250 mg. Las gallinas con dietas CuP tuvieron mayor (p<0,05) concentración de Cu en hígado. No hubo diferencia en los valores de los residuos de Cu en las excretas, huevo y yema.

Sujets

• Cholestérol
• Residue
• Colesterol
• Basura

Informations

• Publié par: erevistas
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 45

Extrait

EFFECT OF COPPER SALTS ON PERFORMANCE, CHOLESTEROL,
RESIDUES IN LIVER, EGGS AND EXCRETA OF LAYING HENS
EFECTO DE SALES DE COBRE SOBRE LA PUESTA, COLESTEROL, ACUMULACIÓN Y
RESIDUOS EN HÍGADO, HUEVOS Y EXCRETAS DE GALLINAS PONEDORAS
*Idowu, O.M.O., T.F. Laniyan, O.A. Kuye, V.O. Oladele-Ojo and D. Eruvbetine
*Department of Animal Nutrition. University of Agriculture. Abeokuta. Nigeria. [e-mail]
ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS PALABRAS CLAVE ADICIONALES
Egg-production. Cholesterol. Residue. Producción de huevos. Colesterol. Residuos.
SUMMARY
Increasing the supplementation from 0 to 250 terol en el huevo y en la yema disminuyó y las
mgCu/kg with Copper sulphate pentahydrate, gallinas excretaron más colesterol en el grupo
CuSO .5HO and Copper proteinate (CuP) suplementado con CuP. Las concentraciones de
4 2
increased hen day egg production and Haugh colesterol (ésteres libres y total) en el hígado y
unit while the feed intake, feed per dozen egg laid plasma, suplementando con CuSO .5H O, fueron
4 2
decreased. Whole egg and egg yolk cholesterol mayores. Los niveles de colesterol del huevo, de
concentrations were significantly lowered and la yema, del plasma así como las lipoproteínas y
more cholesterol was excreted in CuP supple- colesterol del hígado se redujeron linealmente al
mented group. Liver and plasma (free, ester and aumentar Cu de 0 a 250 mg. Las gallinas con
total) cholesterol concentrations of hens fed dietas CuP tuvieron mayor (p<0,05) concentra-
CuSO .5HO supplemented diets were higher. ción de Cu en hígado. No hubo diferencia en los
4 2
Egg, yolk cholesterol, plasma cholesterol, valores de los residuos de Cu en las excretas,
lipoprotein and liver cholesterol concentrations huevo y yema.
reduced linearly as Cu dosage increased. Hens
fed diets supplemented with CuP had a higher
liver and excreta Cu residue. There was no INTRODUCTION
difference in Cu residue values of the excreta,
whole egg and egg yolk in both Cu sources. Commercial organic Cu sources and
reagent-grade inorganic copper salts
have been used for supplementation of
feeds (Guo et al., 2001). ConflictingRESUMEN
reports of their bioavailability in animal
Incrementando de 0 a 250 mgCu/kg en la dieta feeding experiments have been
con CuSO .5HO o proteinato de cobre (CuP), summarized (Baker and Ammerman,
4 2
1995). Copper requirement of the hensaumentó la producción diaria de huevos y unida-
des Haugh y disminuyó la ingestión de pienso por is unknown, as indicated by a question
docena de huevos. La concentración de coles- mark in table II-III of the Nutrient
Arch. Zootec. 55 (212): 327-338. 2006.
473EffectIdowu.p65 327 09/11/2006, 9:31IDOWU, LANIYAN, KUYE, OLADELE-OJO AND ERUVBETINE
Requirement of Poultry (NRC, 1994). in egg was reported by the same worker
The use of organic copper in the laying to be 4.7 mg/kg at 400 mg/kg dietary
hens' diets is a recent research focus Cu. The objective of this study was to
(Aoyagi and Baker, 1993 and Guo et evaluate the effects of three levels of
al., 2001), consequently there is dart CuSO .5H O, and copper proteinate
4 2
of information in this area. on laying performance, plasma and
Efforts have been made to lower egg cholesterol levels, liver accumu-
egg cholesterol through manipulation lation and residues in eggs and excreta
of dietary protein and energy contents of laying hens.
and the use of dietary fibre which are
known to be hypocholesterolemic
(Lirette et al., 1993 and Idowu et al., MATERIALS AND METHODS
2002). Pesti and Bakalli (1998) obtained
ANIMALS AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNa reduction in egg yolk cholesterol
One hundred and eighty Blackconcentration when 125mg Cu/kg diet
Harco layer strain, 30 weeks of agewas fed to White Leghorn hens and
from the Poultry Section of thefurther decline in egg cholesterol was
Teaching and Research Farm, Univer-noticed when 250mg Cu/kg was fed.
sity of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria,Pesti and Bakalli (1998) demonstrated
were used. The birds were kept in athat pharmacological levels of Cu
standard battery cage with automatic(>250mg/kg diet) caused changes in
nipple drinkers and standard feeding17 ß-estradiol and enzymes involved in
trough and randomly assigned to onecarbohydrate, lipid and amino acid
of the six treatments in a 2 x 3 factorialmetabolism in matured hens.
arrangement. Each of the six treat-Research evidences have shown
ments was fed to triplicate groups ofthat Cu regulates cholesterol biosyn-
chickens for ten weeks. The basalthesis by reducing hepatic glutathione
contained (g/kg): ground white corn,concentrations (Kim et al., 1992).
400; soyabean meal,100; groundnutGlutathione is known to regulate
cake, 100; fishmeal, 10; wheat, 185;cholesterol biosynthesis through the
palm kernel cake, 100; bone meal, 20;stimulation of the enzyme 3- hydroxy-
oyster shell, 80; vitamin-mineral premix3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-
(Roche Nutripol 5 ®), 2.5 and salt, 2.5.Co A) reductase in rats (Valsala and
The diet contained per kilogram:Kurup, 1987). The HMG-Co A
2598.98 kcal ME, 175.0g crude protein,reductase activity is the rate-limiting
588.4g nitrogen free extract, 60g etherstep of mevalonate and ultimately,
extract, 75g fibre, 61g ash, 38.9g Ca,cholesterol synthesis. Jackson et al.
9.0g available P and 5.9 mg Cu/kg.(1979) noted that concentration of
Treatments were basal diet supple-copper in the liver increased rapidly at
600 and 800 mg/kg dietary level of mented with inorganic Cu (CuSO .5H O,
4 2
copper. Chiou et al. (1997) reported Sigma Chemical, St Louis, M.O.) or Cu
that Cu residues in the liver and excre- Proteinate (Bioplex Copper, Alltech,
ta were significantly (p<0.05) increa- Nicholasville, KY) at 0, 125 and 250
sed as dietary Cu increased. Cu residue mg Cu/kg.
 
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473EffectIdowu.p65 328 09/11/2006, 9:31EFFECTS OF CU ON LAYING, CHOLESTEROL, ACCUMULATION AND RESIDUES
EGG QUALITY DETERMINATION individual weighed and oven-dried at
For egg quality assessments, fifteen 70°C, pooled and blend. Egg total lipid
eggs (5 per replicate) from each was extracted with chloroform:
treatment were sampled. Weight of methanol (2:1 v/v) using the procedure
each egg sample and the albumen, yolk described by Folch et al. (1957).
and shell weights were measured, Cholesterol determination was done
respectively with a sensitive weighing using a commercial test kit for
scale (Mettler-Toledo® PB3002) to cholesterol analysis (Sigma diagnostic
the nearest 0.01g. Egg albumen quality cholesterol reagent procedure No 352'
(Haugh units) was evaluated by a Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO,
P6085 Spherometer (tripod microme- USA). All sample extracts were
ter) having an accuracy of 0.01mm. analyzed in triplicate. Cholesterol
Egg shells weight and thickness were concentrations were determined from
individually measured; shell thickness the absorbance read at 500 nm using a
was measured by a 25 M-micrometer spectrophotometer (Idowu, 2004)
gauge (Ames, Waltham, M.A., USA).
Egg shape index (ESI) and egg shell PLASMA LIPID ANALYSES
index (I) were calculated according to At the end of the experiment, 5ml of
Sauver (1988) using the formula: ESI= blood was drawn from the brachial
EB/EL and I= 100SW/S. EB is the egg vein of 18 birds per treatment (6 per
breath (mm) and EL is the egg length replicate) into heparinized tubes. Plas-
(mm) measured with a vernier caliper ma was immediately separated by
with accuracy of 0.01mm. SW is the centrifugation for 10 min at 1400g.
shell weight (g) and S the surface Plasma triglyceride, total, free, and
2(cm); S was calculated from egg lipoproteins and LDL, HDL and VLDL
weight (EW) from the equation: S= cholesterol were determined using
K.EW2/3, where K has a value of 4.67 enzymatic-colorimetric method (accor-
for egg weight less than 60g, 4.68 for ding to Randox diagnostic reagent kit-
egg weight between 60g and 70g and CHOD-PAP®). The lipoprotein
4.69 for egg weight greater than 70g fractions were precipitated before
respectively. Formula for estimating assay using polyvinyl sulphate accor-
ding to the Boehringer-Mannheimthe egg specific gravity (ESG) was
(Meylan, France) procedure (Rouanetbased on weight of egg and shell as
et al., 1993). Cholesterol determinationused by Poultry Adviser (1992):
was done as indicated above.
ESG=EW/[0.9680(EW-SW)+(0.4921 SW)]
COPPER RESIDUE DETERMINATION
EGG CHOLESTEROL ANALYSES Eighteen samples per treatment of
egg (whole egg and yolk) and excretaThe eighteen eggs (6 per replicate )
were collected weekly, pre-ashed andper treatment sampled at the expiration
pooled together at end of the tenthof ten weeks for egg yolk cholesterol
week collection prior the dry ashing indetermination were weighed and hard
muffle furnace. Three laying hens percooked by immersion in boiling water
replicate group were slaughtered andfor 8min. Yolks (6 per treatment) were
Archivos de zootecnia vol. 55, núm. 212, p. 329.
473EffectIdowu.p65 329 09/11/2006, 9:31IDOWU, LANIYAN, KUYE, OLADELE-OJO AND ERUVBETINE
liver excised at the end of the feeding Increasing the dietary additive of
trial. Weights of liver samples excised Cu from 0 to 250mg/kg Cu (table II)
were recorded . Part of the li