Footprints

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Registered charity No. 1078201 12 Adelaide Street London, WC2N 4HW Tel: [phone] Website 1 This is the twelfth issue of Footprints and we hope you will enjoy reading it. There hasn‘t been an edition since the summer and a lot has been going on in these last months. Our football coach, Pete Mason, won a prestigious award. Many congratulations to Pete and to the entire football team, who are sharing the lead in their league.

• fall from grace
• olympic legacy
• tours of the building throughout the afternoon
• many congratulations to pete and to the entire football team
• pete
• own christmas cards
• football
• great success
• building
• group

Sujets

• Mémoire
• Top League
• Lampard
• Purves
• Richardson
• Ruston
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Informations

• Publié par: natoc
• Nombre de lectures: 20
• Langue: English

Extrait

Earth’s Catastrophic Past:Geology, Creation & the Flood by Andrew A. Snelling, Ph.D.

Table of Contents

Volume 1. The Genesis Record of Creation and the Flood Defended

Foreword

Preface

Introduction Why Take Genesis Seriously? Genesis as Reliable History Jesus Regarded Genesis as Real History The Apostle Peter’s Prophecy The Reliability of the Whole Bible Depends on Genesis as History The Pivotal Importance of the Flood

Section I. The Biblical Record Of The Global Genesis Flood Chapter 1 Moses Compiled Genesis Chapter 2 The Duration of the Flood  Forty Days of Rain  150 Days of “Prevailing”  221 Days of “Assuaging” and “Abating” Chapter 3 The Depth of the Flood Chapter 4 Geological Details of the Flood Chapter 5 The Size of the Ark Chapter 6 The Need for the Ark Chapter 7 The Testimony of the Apostle Peter Chapter 8 The Testimony of the Lord Jesus Christ Chapter 9 The Total Destruction of a WidelyDistributed Human Race—All Mankind Perished  All Mankind Perished Chapter 10 The Total Destruction of a WidelyDistributed Human Race—The Human Race Had Spread Around the Earth  Longevity and Population Growth  The Prevalence of Violence  Human Fossil Evidence Chapter 11 Summary and Conclusion

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1 2 6 7 9

10

15 19 19 20 21 27 31 35 39 47 53 57

57 63

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Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling

Table of Contents, Page 2

Section II. NonGeological Arguments Used Against the Global Genesis Flood Chapter 12 Introduction 77 Chapter 13 The Genesis Flood Story Derived from the Babylonian Flood Myth 81 Chapter 14 No Global Flood in Recent Geological and Human History 89 Chapter 15 All Mankind Not Descended from Noah’s Family 91  The Sons of Noah 92  The Table of Nations 93  The Bible and Racial Distribution 95 Chapter 16 Anthropology and Racial Dispersion 97  Recent Migration from Asia 97  Universal Flood Traditions 99 Chapter 17 Universal Terms: Used in a Limited Sense? 107  Most Universal Terms Are to Be Interpreted Literally 107  The Context Determines the Meaning 108 Chapter 18 Universal Terms Are Literal in Genesis 69 Because of the Physical 115 Phenomena Chapter 19 Summary and Conclusions 121

Section III. Noah, the Ark, And the Animals Chapter 20 Gathering the Animals to the Ark Chapter 21 The Capacity of the Ark Chapter 22 Caring for the Animals in the Ark Chapter 23 The “NaturalSupernatural” Philosophy of Miracles Chapter 24 PostFlood Animal Distribution—The Australian Marsupials  Three Major Views  Australian Marsupials Chapter 25 PostFlood Animal Distribution—Rapid Animal Dispersion  Rapid Breeding and Diversification Chapter 26 Summary and Conclusions

Section IV. The Framework for a Biblical Geology Chapter 27 Introduction Chapter 28 The Scriptural Divisions of Geologic History  The First Creative Act  The Work of the Six Days of Creation  The PreFlood Period  The Flood  The PostFlood Period  General Comments Chapter 29 The Beginning of Creation Chapter 30 The First Day Chapter 31 The Second Day Chapter 32 The Third Day

125 131 145 155 163 163 165 171 175 181

185 193 193 193 194 195 195 195 199 205 211 213

Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling

Chapter 33 Chapter 34 Chapter 35 Chapter 36 Chapter 37 Chapter 38 Chapter 39 Chapter 40 Chapter 41 Chapter 42 Chapter 43

The Fourth Day The Fifth Day The Sixth Day—Land Animals and Man The Sixth Day—Adam and Eve The Seventh Day The Fall The Curse The PreFlood World The Flood The PostFlood World Concluding Comments

Table of Contents, Page 3

Section V. The Modern Geological Synthesis Chapter 44 Introduction Chapter 45 The Geologic Column  Historical Development  Terminology Used Chapter 46 A Classic Example of a Local Geologic Column Chapter 47 Correlation of Strata Between Local Geologic Columns Chapter 48 The Precambrian of the Geologic Column Chapter 49 Implications of the Geologic Column Chapter 50 Patterns and Trends in the Geologic Column—Involving Different Rock Types  Patterns Involving Sedimentary Rocks  Patterns Involving Igneous Rocks  A Pattern Involving Metamorphic Rocks Chapter 51 Patterns and Trends in the Geologic Column—Involving Relative Sea Level Changes Chapter 52 Patterns and Trends in the Geologic Column—Involving the Fossil Record Chapter 53 Patterns and Trends in the Geologic Column—Involving Metal Ore Deposits Chapter 54 A Brief History of Plate Tectonics Chapter 55 The Development of the Plate Tectonics Theory Chapter 56 Global Plate Tectonics: The Unifying Model Chapter 57 Plate Tectonics: Controlling the Formation of the Rock Record— Divergent Plate Margins and the Ocean Floor Chapter 58 Plate Tectonics: Controlling the Formation of the Rock Record— Plates That Collide: Convergent Margins Chapter 59 Plate Tectonics: Controlling the Formation of the Rock Record— Transform Plate Margins and Plate Interiors  Transform Plate Margins  Plate Interiors Chapter 60 Concluding Comments

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336 338 342 343

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365 373 379 389

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Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling

Selected Bibliography

Color Figures

Table of Contents, Page 4

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Volume 2. Geological Implications of the Biblical Record for a Biblical Geologic Model for Earth History

Section VI. Geological Implications of the Biblical Geologic Model for Earth History Chapter 61 Geological Implications of the Biblical Record  The Uniqueness of the Creation Week  Enormous Geological Work Accomplished During the Creation Week  A Stable PreFlood World  Tremendous Erosion from the Rainfall During the Early Stage of the Flood  Clouds Not the Major Source of the Flood Rainfall and Waters  Enlarged Ocean Basins as a Result of the Flood?  Volcanic and Seismic Upheavals During the Flood  Unprecedented Sedimentary Activity Again During the Flood  Ideal Conditions for the Formation of Fossils During the Flood  Uniformitarianism Also Undermined by the Flood Chapter 62 The Renewed Recognition of Catastrophism Chapter 63 Evidences of Catastrophism in the Geologic Column—Rate of Sediment Accumulation and Widespread RapidlyDeposited Strata  Rate of Sediment Accumulation  Widespread, Rapidly WaterDeposited Strata The Widespread, Rapidly WaterDeposited, Paleozoic Strata of the Chapter 64 Grand Canyon, Arizona—Limestones Chapter 65 The Widespread, Rapidly WaterDeposited, Paleozoic Strata of the Grand Canyon, Arizona—Sandstones Chapter 66 The Widespread, Rapidly WaterDeposited, Paleozoic Strata of the Grand Canyon, Arizona—Shales Chapter 67 Other Examples of Widespread, Rapidly WaterDeposited Strata  The Shinarump Conglomerate, Utah  The Uluru Arkose and Mt. Currie Conglomerate, Central Australia  Kingston Peak Formation, Southeastern California  Hawkesbury Sandstone, Sydney Basin, Australia  Megasequences of North America Chapter 68 Fossilization  Preservation of Unaltered Remains  Preservation by Permineralization  Preservation by Recrystallization

467 468 469

470 470

471 473 474 474 475 476 477 487

487 490 493

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519 519 520

522 524 528 531 532 533 534

Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling

Chapter 69

Chapter 70

Chapter 71 Chapter 72 Chapter 73 Chapter 74 Chapter 75 Chapter 76

Table of Contents, Page 5

 Preservation by Replacement  Preservation of Only the Original Forms in Casts and Molds  Preservation of Carbon Only (Carbonization)  Preservation of the Tracks and Trails Fossil Graveyards  The Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada  The Ordovician Soom Shale, South Africa  The Devonian Thunder Bay Limestone, Michigan  The Carboniferous Montceau Shale, Central France  The Carboniferous Francis Creek Shale, Mazon Creek Area, Illinois  The Triassic Mont San Giorgio Basin, ItalySwitzerland  The Triassic Cow Branch Formation, Cascade, Virginia  The Cretaceous Santana Formation, Brazil  The Cretaceous Tepexi Limestone, Mexico  The Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Nemget Basin, Ukhaa Tolgod Area, Mongolia Coal Beds—Fossil Graveyards of Plants Transported and Deposited by Water  Theories of Origin Coal Beds—Fossil Graveyards of Plants That Grew Floating on Water  Underclays—Fossil Soils?  Upright Fossilized Trees Further Examples of Fossil Graveyards  Mass Extinctions The Rate of Fossilization  Petrification by Silicification  Fossilization by Phosphatization  Fossilization by Biofilms  Fossilization by Pyritization  Coalification Are There Long Ages Between the Strata? SoftSediment Deformation Features Summary

Section VII. A Biblical Geologic Model of Earth History Chapter 77 The Creation Week  The Creation Week Processes Unique  The Laws of Thermodynamics Chapter 78 The First Two Days  The First Day  The Second Day Chapter 79 The Third Day Chapter 80 The Fourth Day to the End of the Creation Week Chapter 81 Creation of “Appearance of Age” Chapter 82 Cosmological Evolution and the “Big Bang” Chapter 83 The PreFlood Era—The “Waters Above the Firmament”

534 534 535 535

537 537 538 539 539 540

541 543 544 546 547

549

550 557 562 565 569 574 577 577 579 582 583 584 587 597 607

613 614 615 623 623 627 631 639 647 653 661

Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling

Chapter 84 Chapter 85 Chapter 86 Chapter 87 Chapter 88 Chapter 89 Chapter 90 Chapter 91 Chapter 92

Chapter 93 Chapter 94 Chapter 95 Chapter 96

Chapter 97 Chapter 98

Table of Contents, Page 6

 The Fall and the Beginning of the PreFlood Era  The “Waters Above the Firmament” The PreFlood Era—Climate Conditions Before the Flood The PreFlood Era—The Biology and Geology  Some Unique PreFlood Biological Communities  Geologic Activity in the PreFlood World The Flood—A Global Tectonic Catastrophe  A Global Tectonic Catastrophe Catastrophic Plate Tectonics—The Driving Force of the Flood Where is the PreFlood/Flood Boundary in the Geologic Record?  A MechanicalErosional Discontinuity  A Time or Age Discontinuity  A Tectonic Discontinuity  A Sedimentary Discontinuity  A Paleontological Discontinuity The Destructive Power of Floods and Ocean Waves Sedimentation and Fossilization During the Flood The Order of the Strata Deposited by the Flood  PreFlood Biogeography  Early Burial of Marine Creatures  Hydrodynamic Selectivity of Moving Water  Behavior and Higher Mobility of the Vertebrates The Order of the Flood Strata—Other Considerations in the Strata Sequence  Bioturbation and Mass Extinctions  Formation of Coal Beds Animal Tracks and Fossils in Mesozoic Strata The Flood/PostFlood Boundary in the Geologic Record  Biblical Considerations  Geological Considerations The PostFlood World  PostFlood Geology  PostFlood Climate The PostFlood Ice Age—A Consequence of the Flood  The Ice Age as a Consequence of the Flood The PostFlood Ice Age—Geomorphic Features and IceAge Animals From the Ice Age to the Present World

Section VIII. Problems in Biblical Geology Solved —Radioactive Dating and Geochronology Chapter 99 The Radioactive Methods for Dating Rocks  The Radioactive Methods for Dating Rocks  The Assumptions of Radioactive Dating Chapter 100 The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—The Potassium Argon and ArgonArgon Methods

661 662 669 675 675 678 683 684 691 707 707 707 708 708 709 713 723 727 730 731 733 734 739

739 741 745 751 752 752 763 763 765 769

773 779 787

797 798 800 803

Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling

Chapter 101

Chapter 102

Chapter 103

Chapter 104

Chapter 105

Chapter 106

Table of Contents, Page 7

 “Excess” or Inherited Argon  Argon Loss The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—The Rubidium Strontium Dating Method  Anomalous RbSr Isochrons  OpenSystem Behavior, Mixing and Resetting The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—The Samarium Neodymium Dating Method  SmNd Model Ages The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—The Uranium ThoriumLead Dating Method  OpenSystem Behavior  Inheritance  PbPb Isotope “Dating,” Inheritance and Mixing The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—Sundry Methods and Revealing Considerations  The LutetiumHafnium and RheniumOsmium Radioisotope Dating Methods  How Much Radioactive Decay Has Actually Occurred?  Do Radioisotope “Ages” Match the Claimed Stratigraphic “Ages”?  Do “Ages” Determined by the Different Radioisotope “Dating” Methods Agree? The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—Variations in Radioactive Decay Rates and “Apparent Age”  A “Grown” Creation with an “Apparent Age” The Pitfalls in the Radioactive Dating Methods—The Radiocarbon Dating Method

Section IX. Contradictions in Geochronology—Support for Biblical Geology Chapter 107 Supernovas and Comets  Supernova Remnants  Disintegration of Comets Chapter 108 The Earth’s Magnetic Field Chapter 109 Sea Salt, Erosion, and Sediments  Salt in the Sea  Erosion of Continents  Sea Floor Sediments Chapter 110 Volcanic Activity and Helium  Crustal Growth through Volcanic Activity  Helium in Rocks and in the Atmosphere Chapter 111 Radiohalos, Radiocarbon and Tree Rings  Radiohalos  Radiocarbon and Tree Rings Chapter 112 Human Population Statistics and Lifespans

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825 828 830 835

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867 867 869 873 879 879 881 883 885 885 887 891 891 894 899

Earth’s Catastrophic Past, Andrew A. Snelling

Table of Contents, Page 8

Section X. Problems For Biblical Geology Solved —Formations Implying Slow Deposition Chapter 113 Deposition and Lithification 909  Deposition and Lithification 909 Chapter 114 Bioturbation, Hardgrounds, and Trace Fossils 917 Chapter 115 Chalk and Diatomite Beds, and DeepSea Sediments 925 Chapter 116 Coral Reefs and Limestone 931 Chapter 117 Evaporites 937 Chapter 118 Varves and Rhythmites 945 Chapter 119 Buried Forests 953 Chapter 120 Coal Beds 959 Chapter 121 Oil Deposits 965 Chapter 122 Limestone Caves and Cave Deposits 977 Chapter 123 Granite Formation, Intrusion, and Cooling 983  Magma Generation by Partial Melting 984  Melt Segregation 985  Magma Ascent 987  Magma Emplacement 989  Emplacement Rates 991  Crystallization and Cooling Rates 992  Convective Cooling: The Role of Hydrothermal Fluids 993  Crystallization and Cooling Rates: The Evidence of 995 Polonium Radiohalos Chapter 124 Regional Metamorphism 999 Chapter 125 Ore and Mineral Deposits 1013 Chapter 126 Earlier Ice Ages 1023

Concluding Challenges The Adequacy of the Biblical Framework of Earth History An Unfinished Task Postscript

Selected Bibliography

Index

Color Figures

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Snelling, A. A. 2009.Earth’s Catastrophic Past. Dallas, TX: Institute for Creation Research.