Institutional Pathways to Equity

Description

Questions of equity and inequality have moved to the center of debates on development and poverty reduction. This reflects growing awareness that even countries with high rates of growth can experience stagnating or increasing inequality, and that inequality can itself limit the poverty reducing effects of growth. Indeed, recent work indicates that, in addition to its intrinsic value, equity should be valued for its positive impacts on growth and the poverty-reducing effects of such growth.
These concerns are coupled with questions of governance. This is because institutional arrangements affect not only overall rates of growth but also the distributional effects of growth, and are themselves more or less equitable in their structure and functioning. How given institutional arrangements emerge over time, with their implications for growth and equity, remains less understood.
'Institutional Pathways to Equity: Addressing Inequality Traps' tackles the relationship between equity and development, the place of institutions in determining these relationships, and the conditions under which particular institutional arrangements can either block or promote transitions toward more equitable forms of development. The chapters, originally commissioned as background documents for the preparation of the World Development Report 2006, are prepared by leading scholars from the fields of economics, political science, sociology, geography, and development studies.
The book speaks directly to current discussions on inequality, poverty, and growth and will contribute to the construction of a historically informed political economy of development. The book specifically highlights the importance of inequality, institutional change through social mobilization, and institutional change through state policies. The authors show that, under certain conditions, state institutions can and have taken a leading role in promoting policies to redress inequitable social relations and so weaken the social foundations of inequality traps.

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 24 mars 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 10
• EAN13: 9780821370148
• Langue: English

Extrait

NEW FRONTIERS OF SOCIAL POLICY
INSTITUTIONAL
PATHWAYS TO EQUITY
ADDRESSING INEQUALITY TRAPS
Anthony J. Bebbington, Anis A. Dani,
Arjan de Haan, and Michael Walton,
EditorsINSTITUTIONAL PATHWAYS TO EQUITY
IPE_i-xxii.indd iIPE_i-xxii.indd i 3/7/08 8:08:40 PM3/7/08 8:08:40 PMIPE_i-xxii.indd iiIPE_i-xxii.indd ii 3/7/08 8:08:40 PM3/7/08 8:08:40 PMNEW FRONTIERS OF SOCIAL POLICY
INSTITUTIONAL
PATHWAYS TO EQUITY
ADDRESSING INEQUALITY TRAPS
Anthony J. Bebbington, Anis A. Dani,
Arjan de Haan, and Michael Walton, Editors
IPE_i-xxii.indd iiiIPE_i-xxii.indd iii 3/7/08 8:08:40 PM3/7/08 8:08:40 PM© 2008 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development / The W orld Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in
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ISBN: 978-0-8213-7013-1
eISBN: 978-0-8213-7014-8
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7013-1
Cover photo: Health workers in Mali by Giacomo Pirozzi / Panos
Cover design: Naylor Design, Washington, DC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Institutional pathways to equity : addressing inequality traps / edited by Anthony J.
Bebbington ... [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8213-7013-1 — ISBN 978-0-8213-7014-8 (electronic)
1. Income distribution. 2. Institutional economics. 3. Income distribution—Cross-cultural
studies. 4. Equality. 5. Poverty. I. Bebbington, Anthony, 1962-
HC79.151497 2007
339.2—dc22
2007041564
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In many developing countries, the mixed record of state effectiveness,
market imperfections, and persistent structural inequities has undermined
the effectiveness of social policy. To overcome these constraints, social
policy needs to move beyond conventional social service approaches
toward development’s goals of equitable opportunity and social justice.
This series has been created to promote debate among the development
community, policy makers, and academia and to broaden understanding
of social policy challenges in developing country contexts.
The books in the series are linked to the World Bank’s Social Develop-
ment Strategy. The strategy is aimed at empowering people by transform-
ing institutions to make them more inclusive, responsive, and accountable.
This involves the transformation of subjects and benefi ciaries into citizens
with rights and responsibilities. Themes in this series will include equity
and development, assets and livelihoods, and citizenship and rights-based
social policy, as well as the social dimensions of infrastructure and cli-
mate change.
Other titles in the series:
• Assets, Livelihoods, and Social Policy
• Inclusive States: Social Policy and Structural Inequalities
Anis Dani
Series Editor
Adviser, Social Policy
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Preface xi
About the Editors xv
About the Authors xvii
Abbreviations xix
PART I. INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1. Inequalities and Development: 3
Dysfunctions, Traps, and Transitions
Anthony J. Bebbington, Anis A. Dani, Arjan de Haan, and
Michael Walton
PART II. INEQUALITY TRAPS AND INSTITUTIONALIZED INEQUITIES
Chapter 2. Asset Inequality and Agricultural Growth: 45
How Are Patterns of Asset Inequality Established and
Reproduced? Rachel Sabates-Wheeler
Chapter 3. Beneath the Categories: Power Relations and 73
Inequalities in Uganda
Joy M. Moncrieffe
Chapter 4. Inequalities within India’s Poorest Regions: 103
Why Do the Same Institutions Work Differently in
Different Places?
Arjan de Haan
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PART III. INSTITUTIONAL TRANSITIONS AND PATHWAYS
TOWARD EQUITY
Chapter 5. Indigenous Political V oice and the Struggle for 139
Recognition in Ecuador and Bolivia
José Antonio Lucero
Chapter 6. Cash T ransfers for Older People Reduce Poverty 169
and Inequality
Armando Barrientos
Chapter 7. Mineral Wealth, Confl ict, and Equitable Development 193
Michael L. Ross
Chapter 8. Spain: Development, Democracy, and Equity 217
Carles Boix
Index 245
BOXES
4.1. Livelihoods and Institutions in Forest Areas 116
4.2. Orissa’s Emergency Responses to Destitution 120
4.3. Neglect in Special Programs 124
FIGURES
5.1. Discrimination against Aymaras and Quechuas in Bolivia 158
6.1. TIP Curves for South Africa and Brazil 183
8.1. Gross Domestic Product per Capita, 1820–1930 220
8.2. Sectoral Distribution of Gross Domestic Product in 220
Spain, 1850–1930
8.3. Annual Gross Domestic Product Growth Rates in 223
Spain, 1930–2000
8.4. 226
8.5. Interregional Inequality in Spain 227
8.6. General Government Expenditure in Spain, 1970–98 231
8.7. General Government Current Revenues in Spain, 1970–98 232
8.8. Public Revenue and per Capita Income in Spain, 1960–97 233
8.9. Spanish Unemployment, 1979–2002 241
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TABLES
1.1. Inequalities and Development through the Lenses 28
of the Case Study Chapters
4.1. Poverty in Orissa’s National Statistical Survey Regions, 107
1983–99/2000
4.2. Poverty Ratios by Social Group, Orissa and India, 110
4.3. Headcount Index in Regions of Orissa by Social Group, 111
1999/2000
5.1. Types and Relative Representational Strengths of 145
Indigenous Organizations in Bolivia and Ecuador
5.2. Ecuador and Bolivia: Region and Timing in 150
Indigenous Mobilization
5.3. Percentage Increase in Probability of Being Poor, 156
If Indigenous, Controlling for Other Common
Predicators of Poverty
5.4. Legal Changes in Bolivian State Share of Hydrocarbon 159
Rents
6.1. Location of Households in Bangladesh with 185
Noncontributory Pension Benefi ciaries among
Households with a Member Age 57 or Older, 2000
7.1. High Mineral–Dependence Countries, 2000 195
7.2. States by Region and Mineral Dependence, 2000 196
7.3. Mineral Resources and Secessionist Movements 197
7.4. Public Opinion in Nigeria 203
7.5. Civil Wars Linked to Lootable Minerals, 1990–2000 203
8.1. Pretax and Posttax Income of Households 228
8.2. Spanish Support for the Welfare State 234
8.3. Public Spending in Spain, 1953–2001 235
8.4. Social Spending Programs in Spain and the OECD, 236
1980–2001
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