The Project Gutenberg EBook of Canada, by J. G. BourinotThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.netTitle: CanadaAuthor: J. G. BourinotRelease Date: September 10, 2007 [EBook #22557]Language: English*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA ***Produced by Al HainesTHE HON. W. L. MACKENZIE KING, PRIME MINISTER OF CANADATHE HON. W. L. MACKENZIE KING,PRIME MINISTER OF CANADACANADABy SIR J. G. BOURINOTK.C.M.G., LL.D., LIT.D.SOMETIME CLERK OF THE CANADIAN HOUSE OF COMMONS;HONORARY SECRETARY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA;DOCTEUR-ÈS-LETTRES OF LAVAL UNIVERSITY;HONORARY MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETYNEW AND REVISED EDITION, WITH ADDITIONAL CHAPTERBY WILLIAM H. INGRAM, B.A.T. FISHER UNWIN LTDLONDON: ADELPHI TERRACEFirst Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1897Second Impression . . . . . . . . . . . 1901Second Edition (Third Impression) . . . 1908Third Edition (Fourth Impression) . . . 1922Copyright by T. Fisher Unwin, 1897(for Great Britain)Copyright by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1897(For the United States of America).[Transcriber's note: Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page breaks occurred in theoriginal book, in accordance with Project Gutenberg's ...
The Project Gutenberg EBook of Canada, by J. G. Bourinot
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net
Title: Canada
Author: J. G. Bourinot
Release Date: September 10, 2007 [EBook #22557]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA ***
Produced by Al Haines
THE HON. W. L. MACKENZIE KING, PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA
THE HON. W. L. MACKENZIE KING,
PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA
CANADABy SIR J. G. BOURINOT
K.C.M.G., LL.D., LIT.D.
SOMETIME CLERK OF THE CANADIAN HOUSE OF COMMONS;
HONORARY SECRETARY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA;
DOCTEUR-ÈS-LETTRES OF LAVAL UNIVERSITY;
HONORARY MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY
NEW AND REVISED EDITION, WITH ADDITIONAL CHAPTER
BY WILLIAM H. INGRAM, B.A.
T. FISHER UNWIN LTD
LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE
First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1897
Second Impression . . . . . . . . . . . 1901
Second Edition (Third Impression) . . . 1908
Third Edition (Fourth Impression) . . . 1922
Copyright by T. Fisher Unwin, 1897
(for Great Britain)
Copyright by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1897
(For the United States of America).
[Transcriber's note: Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page breaks occurred in the
original book, in accordance with Project Gutenberg's FAQ-V-99. For its Index, a page number has been placed only at the start of that section. In the HTML version of this
book, page numbers are placed in the left margin.]
I DEDICATE THIS STORY OF CANADA
BY PERMISSION
TO
HER EXCELLENCY THE COUNTESS OF ABERDEEN
WHO HAS WON THE ESTEEM AND AFFECTION OF ALL CLASSES
OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE BY THE EARNESTNESS WITH
WHICH SHE HAS IDENTIFIED HERSELF WITH
EVERY MOVEMENT AFFECTING THE SOCIAL
AND INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS OF
THE NEW DOMINION
PREFATORY NOTEIn writing this story of Canada I have not been able to do more, within the limited space at my command, than briefly review those
events which have exercised the most influence on the national development of the Dominion of Canada from the memorable days bold
French adventurers made their first attempts at settlement on the banks of the beautiful basin of the Annapolis, and on the picturesque
heights of Quebec, down to the establishment of a Confederation which extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Whilst the
narrative of the French régime, with its many dramatic episodes, necessarily occupies a large part of this story, I have not allowed myself
to forget the importance that must be attached to the development of institutions of government and their effect on the social, intellectual,
and material conditions of the people since the beginning of the English régime. Though this story, strictly speaking, ends with the
successful accomplishment of the federal union of all the provinces in 1873, when Prince Edward Island became one of its members, I
have deemed it necessary to refer briefly to those events which have happened since that time—the second half-breed rebellion of 1885,
for instance—and have had much effect on the national spirit of the people. I endeavour to interest my reader in the public acts of those
eminent men whose names stand out most prominently on the pages of history, and have made the deepest impress on the fortunes and
institutions of the Dominion. In the performance of this task I have always consulted original authorities, but have not attempted to go into
any historical details except those which are absolutely necessary to the intelligent understanding of the great events and men of Canadian
annals. I have not entered into the intrigues and conflicts which have been so bitter and frequent during the operation of parliamentary
government in a country where politicians are so numerous, and statesmanship is so often hampered and government injuriously affected
by the selfish interests of party, but have simply given the conspicuous and dominant results of political action since the concession of
representative institutions to the provinces of British North America. A chapter is devoted, at the close of the historical narrative, to a very
brief review of the intellectual and material development of the country, and of the nature of its institutions of government. A survey is also
given of the customs and conditions of the French Canadian people, so that the reader outside of the Dominion may have some
conception of their institutions and of their influence on the political, social, and intellectual life of a Dominion, of whose population they
form so important and influential an element. The illustrations are numerous, and have been carefully selected from various sources, not
accessible to the majority of students, with the object, not simply of pleasing the general reader, but rather of elucidating the historical
narrative. A bibliographical note has also been added of those authorities which the author has consulted in writing this story, and to which
the reader, who wishes to pursue the subject further, may most advantageously refer.
HOUSE OF COMMONS, OTTAWA,
Dominion Day, 1896.
PUBLISHER'S NOTE.
Owing to the passing of Sir John Bourinot, the revisions necessary to bring this work up to date had to be entrusted to another hand.
Accordingly, Mr. William H. Ingram has kindly undertaken the task, and has contributed the very judiciously selected information now
embodied in Chapter XXX. on the recent development of Canada. Chapter XXVIII. by Mr. Edward Porritt, author of Sixty Years of
Protection in Canada, has also been included, as being indicative of the history of the time he describes. Mr. Ingram has also made other
revisions of considerable value.
1, ADELPHI TERRACE.
March, 1922.
CONTENTS
PAGE
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE xix
I. 1
INTRODUCTION--THE CANADIAN DOMINION FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN
II. 19
THE DAWN OF DISCOVERY IN CANADA (1497-1525)
III. 29
A BRETON SAILOR DISCOVERS CANADA AND ITS GREAT RIVER (1534-1536)
IV. 44
FROM CARTIER TO DE MONTS (1540-1603)V. 51
THE FRENCH OCCUPATION OF ACADIA AND THE FOUNDATION OF PORT ROYAL (1604-1614)
VI. 67
SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN IN THE VALLEY OF THE ST. LAWRENCE (1608-1635)
VII. 92
GENTLEMEN-ADVENTURERS IN ACADIA (1614-1677)
VIII. 110
THE CANADIAN INDIANS AND THE IROQUOIS: THEIR ORGANISATION, CHARACTER, AND CUSTOMS
IX.
129
CONVENTS AND HOSPITALS--VILLE-MARIE--MARTYRED MISSIONARIES--VICTORIOUS IROQUOIS--
HAPLESS HURONS (1635-1652)
X. 146
YEARS OF GLOOM--THE KING COMES TO THE RESCUE OF CANADA--THE IROQUOIS HUMBLED (1652-1667)
XI. 156
CANADA AS A ROYAL PROVINCE--CHURCH AND STATE (1663-1759)
XII.
168
THE PERIOD OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERYH--PRIESTS, FUR-TRADERS, AND Coureurs de Bois IN THE
WEST (1634-1687)
XIII. 177
THE PERIOD OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY--FRANCE IN THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI (1672-1687)
XIV. 192
CANADA AND ACADIA--FROM FRONTENAC TO THE TREATY OF UTRECHT (1672-1713)
XV.
210
ACADIA AND ÎLE ROYALE--FROM THE TREATY OF UTRECHT TO THE TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1713-
1748)
XVI. 221
THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINION IN THE GREAT VALLEYS OF NORTH AMERICA--PRELUDE (1748-1756)
XVII.
237
THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINION IN THE GREAT VALLEYS OF NORTH AMERICA--ENGLISH REVERSES AND
FRENCH VICTORIES--FALL OF LOUISBOURG AND FORT DUQUESNE (1756-1758)
XVIII.
247
THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINION IN THE VALLEY OF THE ST. LAWRENCE--CANADA IS WON BY WOLFE ON
THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM (1759-1763)
XIX. 267
A PERIOD OF TRANSITION--PONTIAC'S WAR--THE QUEBEC ACT (1760-1774)
XX. 280
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION--INVASION OF CANADA--DEATH OF MONTGOMERY--PEACE (1774-1783)
XXI. 291
COMING OF THE LOYALISTS (1783-1791)XXII. 302
FOUNDATION OF NEW PROVINCES--ESTABLISHMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS (1792-1812)
XXIII. 316
THE WAR OF 1812-1815--PATRIOTISM OF THE CANADIANS
XXIV. 338
POLITICAL STRIFE AND REBELLION (1815-1840)
XXV.
361
RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT AND ITS RESULTS--FEDERAL UNION--RELATIONS BETWEEN CANADA AND
THE UNITED STATES (1839-1867)
XXVI.
380
END OF THE RULE OF FUR TRADERS--ACQUISITION OF THE NORTHWEST--FORMATION OF MANITOBA--
RIEL'S REBELLIONS--THE INDIANS (1670-1885)
XXVII.
404
BRITISH COLUMBIA AND PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND ENTER THE UNION--NATIONAL EVENTS SINCE 1867--
MAKERS OF THE DOMINION (1867-1891)
XXVIII. 414
CANADA AS A NATION--MATERIAL AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT--POLITICAL RIGHTS
XXIX. 434
FRENCH CANADA
XXX. 457
RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF CANADA
484
INDEX
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
[Transcriber's note: The page numbers below are those in the original book. However, in this e-book, to avoid the splitting of paragraphs, the illustrations may have been
moved to preceding or following pages.]
PAGE
THE HON. W. L. MACKENZIE KING Frontispiece
Courtesy "Canada."
VIEW OF CAPE TRINITY ON THE LAURENTIAN RANGE 9
From a photograph by Topley, Ottawa.
ROCKY MOUNTAINS AT DONALD, BRITISH COLUMBIA 13
From Sir W. Van Horne's Collection of B. C. photographs.
UPPER END OF FRASER CAÑON, BRITISH COLUMBIA 15
Ibid.
SKETCH OF JUAN DE LA COSA'S MAP, A.D. 1500 25
From Dr. S. E. Dawson's "Cabot Voyages," in Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., 1894.* To explain these dates it is necessary to note that Champlain lived for years in one of the buildings of the Fort of Saint Louis which he first erected, and the name château
is often applied to that structure; but the château, properly so-called, was not commenced until 1647, and it as well as its successors was within the limits of the fort. It was
demolished in 1694 by Governor Frontenac, who rebuilt it on the original foundations, and it was this castle which, in a remodelled and enlarged form, under the English
régime, lasted until 1834.
PORTRAIT OF JACQUES CARTIER 31
From B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Français" (Montreal, 1882-'84).
ANCIENT HOCHELAGA 39
From Ramusio's "Navigationi e Viaggi" (Venice, 1565).
THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, circa 1543, SHOWING CARTIER'S DISCOVERIES 44
From collection of maps in Parliamentary Library