The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Political History of England - Vol XI, by George Brodrick and J.K. Fotherington This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Political History of England - Vol XI From Addington's Administration to the close of William IV.'s Reign (1801-1837) Author: George Brodrick J.K. Fotherington Release Date: September 30, 2008 [EBook #26727] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND *** Produced by Paul Murray, Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND Seventyf-iveyearshavepassedsinceLingardcompletedhis HISTORYOFENGLAND,thhenesdwtihwcih Revolutionof1688.Duringthatpeirodhistoricalstudyhasmadeagreatadvance.Yearatferyearthe massofmaterialsforanewHistoryofEnglandhasincreased;newilghtshavebeenthrownonevents andcharacters,andolderrorshavebeencorrected.Manynotableworkshavebeenwirttenonvairous peirodsofourhistory;someofthematsuchlengthastoappealalmostexclusivelytoprofessedhistorical students.Itisbeilevedthattheitmehascomewhentheadvancewhichhasbeenmadeintheknowledge ofEnglishhistoryasawholeshouldbelaidbeforethepublicinasingleworkoffailryadequatesize.Such abookshouldbefoundedonindependentthoughtandresearch,butshouldatthesameitmebewrttien withafullknowledgeoftheworksofthebestmodernhistoriansandwtihadesiretotakeadvantageof theitreachingwherevertiappearssound. Thevastnumberofauthoirites,pirntedandinmanuscript,onwhichaHistoryofEnglandshouldbe based,fiitistorepresenttheexistingstateofknowledge,rendersco-operaitonalmostnecessaryand certainlyadvisable.TheHistory,ofwhichthisvolumeisaninstalment,isanattempttosetfotrhina readableformtheresutlsatpresentattainedbyresearch.tIwlilconsistoftwelvevolumesbytwelve differentwriters,eachofthemchosenasbeingspeciallycapableofdealingwiththepeirodwhichhegP[]ii undetrakes,andtheeditors,whileleavingtoeachauthorasfreeahandaspossible,hopetoinsurea generalsimliarityinmethodofrteatmen,tsothatthetwelvevolumesmayintheircontents,aswellasin their outward appearance, form one History. Asitsttileimports,thisHistorywillpirmalirydealwithpoltiics,withtheHistoryofEnglandand,atferthe dateoftheunionwithScotland,GreatBrtiain,asastateorbodypolitic;butasthelifeofanationis complex,andtisconditionatanygivenitmecannotbeunderstoodwtihouttakingintoaccountthevarious forcesacitnguponti,noticesofreilgiousmattersandofintellectual,social,andeconomicprogresswill alsofindplaceinthesevolumes.Thefootnoteswill,sofarasispossible,beconifnedtoreferencesto authorities,andreferenceswllinotbeappendedtostatementswhichappeartobemattersofcommon knowledgeanddonotcallforsuppo.trEachvolumewillhaveanAppendixgivingsomeaccountofthe chiefauthorities,originalandsecondary,whichtheauthorhasused.Thisaccountwillbecompiledwitha viewofhelpingstudentsratherthanofmakinglongilstsofbookswtihoutanynotesastotheircontentsor value.ThattheHistorywillhavefautlsbothoftisownandsuchaswillalwaysinsomemeasureattendco-operaitvework,mustbeexpected,butnopainshavebeensparedtomakeit,sofarasmaybe,notwholly unworthyofthegreatnessoftissubject. Eachvolume,whlieformingpartofacompleteHistory,wlilalsoinitselfbeaseparateandcompletebook, wlilbesoldseparately,andwillhaveitsownindex,andtwoormoremaps.[Pg ii ]i The History is divided as follows:— Vo.lI.FROMTHEEARLIESTTIMESTOTHENORMANCONQUEST(1to6)06eF,.D.tfowollToh.yBoHgdamsD.Ckin,Lit.L., UniversityCollege,London;FellowoftheBiritshAcadem.yWith2Maps. Vol. II. FROMTHENORMANCONQUEST TOTHEDEATHOFJOHND.,,D.ttLi.,.DegrtruBAnosmad10(oeGyB.)6121-66 ProfessorofHistoryinYaleUniversti.yWtih2Maps. Vol.III.FROMTHEACCESSIONOFHENRY II I.TOTHEDEATHOFEDWARD.M.A,iB.oTtu,ByT.F6-1377)..II121(IrseraFopsh ProfessorofMediævalandEcclesiasticalHistoryintheUniverstiyofManchester;formelryFellowof PembrokeCollege,Oxford.Wtih3Maps. Vol. IV. FROMTHEACCES ISONOFRICHARDI .ITOTHEDEATHOFRICHARD(31II.I.CBy.5)48-177.A.M,namO.C.W,LL.D., M.P.,ChicheleProfessorofModernHistoryintheUniverstiyofOxford;FellowoftheBrtiishAcadem.y Wtih3Maps. Vol. V. FROMTHEACCESSIONOF HENRY.IVITOTHEDEATHOF HENRY.H.noHthgiRehtBy.7)54-18514VIII.(L.A.Fishe,rM.A.,M.P.,PresidentoftheBoardofEducaiton;FellowoftheBriitshAcademy.Wtih2Maps. Vo.lVI.FROMTHEACCES ISONOFEDWARD.VITOTHEDEATHOFEHBATELZIA.M,dralloP.F,D.t.itL.,1(yA.).B1603547-FellowofAllSouls'College,Oxford,andProfessorofEngilshHistoryintheUniverstiyofLondon.With2 Maps. Vol.(1603-1660).ByVFII..C.Montague,M.A.,AstorProfessor ofHistoryinUniverstiyCollege,London;formelryFellowofOirelCollege,Oxford.With3Maps.[Pg iv] Vol.V.IIIFROMTHERESTORATIONTOTHEDEATHOFWMILLAI,.LLD.odgerdLA.,,M.SyB.)2ahciRri(I.II70-16016 Litt.D,.ProfessorofHistoryintheUniverstiyofEdinburgh;formelryFellowofBrasenoseCollege,Oxford. Wtih2Maps. Vol. IX. FROMTHEACCESSIONOFANNETOTHEDEATHOF GEORGE.Leadam,M.A.,ofmrreyl70(1.II.)0671-2S.IyBFellowofBrasenoseCollege,Oxford.Wtih8Maps. Vol. X. FROMTHEACCESSIONOF GEORGEIII .TOTHE CLOSEOFPTI'T SIFRSTATIRAONMIDSTNI (1760-1801). By the Rev. WilliamHunt,M.A.,D.Litt,.TirntiyCollege,Oxford.With3Maps. Vol.X.IFROMAD IDNGTO'NSANIMDRTSIOITANTOTHECLOSEOFWILLAIMIV '.SREIGN(1801-1837). By the Hon. George C. Brodirck,D.C.L.,lateWardenofMetronCollege,Oxford,andJ.K.Fotheringham,M.A.,D.Litt.,Fellowof MagdalenCollege,Oxford;LecturerinAncientHistoryatKing'sCollege,London.Wtih3Maps. Vo .l X .II THERIEGNOFQUEENVARIOTCIByiSriSndyeLow,M.A.,Fellow83(1197-).01gniKfoelloCs'ndLo,ge;on formelryScholarofBalliolCollege,Oxford,andLloydC.Sanders,B.A.With3Maps. The Political History of England IN TWELVE VOLUMES EDITEDBYWILLIAM HUNT, D.LTTI,.ANDREGINALD L. POOLE, M.A. XI. THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND FROM ADDINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION TO THECLOSEOFWILLIAMIV'.SREIGN 1801-1837 BY THE HON. GEORGE C. BRODRICK, D.C.L. LATE WARDEN OF MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD COMPLETED AND REVISED BY J. K. FOTHERINGHAM, M.A., D.LITT. FELLOW OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD; LECTURER IN ANCIENT HISTORY AT KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON NEW IMPRESSION LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON FOURTHAVENUE&30THSTREE,TNEWYORK BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS 1919 NOTE. WhenthelateWardenofMetronundetrookthepreparationofthisvolumeheinvitedtheassistanceofD.r Fotheringhaminthepoitronsdeailngwithforeignaffairs.AtthetimeofthelateWarden'sdeathin1903 threechapters(x.,xi.iandxvii.i)wereunwrtiten,andone(xx).wasletfincomplete.Itwasalsofoundthatthe volumehadtoberecastinordertomeettheplanoftheseires.Thenecessaryatlerationsandaddtiions have been made by Dr. Fotheringham, who has been scrupulous in retaining the expression of the late Warden's views, and, where possible, his words. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. ADDINGTON. PAGE Ma.r,1801. 1The new ministry CondtiionoIfreland2 ExpediitontoCopenhagend3 Sep.t 6Egypt evacuated by the French Frenchdiplomaitcsuccesses6 Bonapatre'sconcordatwiththepope7 PeacenegoitaitonswtihFrance8 CornwallisatAmiens10 25Ma.r,1802.2imA1sneyofreathetT Parilamentarycrtiicismoftherteaty14 July.5n1iocteraleleGen No .vColonel Despard's conspiracy 16 FutrheraggressionsofNapoleon17 Hiscolonialpoilcy18 NegotiationntsbetweenWhtiwotrhandtheFrench19 governme 18 May, 1803. 22Renewal of the war with France CHAPTERII. THERETURNOFPTTI. 23 July, 1803.32notes'Emmleilrbe Pti'tsdiscontentwtihtheminisrty24 Ministerial changes 27 Jan,.1804.nikehT9s2eslnilsg' Aprli. 31Addington's resignation The exclusion of Fox 32 18 May.Napoleon declared emperor 33 Ptti'sministry34 TheimpeachmentofMelvlile36 Jul .yitilaoc73noTrdhithe Nelson'spursutiofVilleneuve39 21Oc,.t1805.4r0afTrgaallettfohTabe Napoleon marches into Germany 41 Dec.rgPboufsesraecpeeth4:2ztilretsuA Collapseotfhecoaitilon43 23Jan,.1806.43aehtDiPttof CHAPTER III. GRENVILLE ANDPORTLAND. Feb., 1806.oFmrtaoinfotehsinimellivnerG5y4tr 13Sep.t 46Death of Fox 14 Oct.Jena and Auerstädt 47 General election 48 25Ma.r,1807.lotioinbAlavetraofthesde48 Fall of the whig government 49 ThePortlandadminisrtaiton50 General election 50 7 July.TehtertaofyilTt5si2 SeizureoftheDanishlfeet54 The "continental system" and orders in council 55 Frutilessexpediitons56 12 Oct.Conferentruf95oecrEf Army scandals 60 The Wagram campaign 63 Jul,y1809.ehTenexpedWalchertioi6n4 21 Sept.nnCaneetwbelueereltsaCdnagni7agh6D Oc .t86nocevaPeraritintsdaim'ls Capture of the Ionian Isles and Bourbon 69 25.96.IIIeJubileeofGeorg CHAPTER IV. PERCEVALANDLIVERPOOL. Jan., 1810.17epiditnoherenextheWalcDebonates Ap ir .l 72The arrest of Burdett Appointmentofthe"Bullioncommittee"73 Theking'sinsantiyr:egencyblli74 11 May, 1812.Assassination of Perceval 76 1809-11. 77Social reforms in his ministry July, 1810.DeparaponB78tenoitisosiuoLfo OppostiioninEuropetotheconitnentalsystem78 Alliances formed by Russia and France 81 Conquest of Java and Sumatra 81 June, 1812.18hTeoitamrofviLfon'solpoeretinabc 1811-12. 83Distress in town and country Oc.t,1812.oi8n5Gerenealctle 1813.re68ahtrs'cpanyComndiastIoCfnrimationoftheEa CHAPTER V. THEPENINSULARWAR. 1807, 1808. 87The origin of the war ChalresIV.andFerdinandVII.seektheprotectionof87 Napoleon 1808. 88Napoleon's plans for the conquest of Spain 24 July.ginSofinpa89etrcorpmialKdeJosephBonapa 13 Aug.lleWelse09yanLngdifo 21. 91Battle of Vimeiro .,E n of Sir John Mo Oct,.18081.-8J0a9n.2ore9ioitedxp 16 Jan.foCelo59urañBatt WellesleyreturnstoPotrugal97 27 July.8alavera9ltefoTBta Sept., 1810.reorTofsnelieht:ocassuB011rdsaseV Srtuggleforthefrontierfortresses103 16 May, 1811.tlatofelbAraue301B Jan-.Apir,l1812.SiegfCiesoRdodudaadnirogozajadB510 22Jul.y7manaac01lttaBlaSfoe 1812, 1813.ei1saemrugseingtonrWelltseSehgroesinaPndtuornipaash 09 21 June, 1813.011airotiVfoelBatt BatlteofthePyrenees113 SiegeofSt.Sebasitan113 8 Oct.orssnocehBsetingtWellasida1so15 BatltesroundBayonne115 Feb., 1814. 117The investment of Bayonne 10 Ap lir .ulTofolettBa119uoes CHAPTER VI. THEDOWNFALLOFNAPOLEON. 1812.122AustriassaiadniwhtPuratresieenFrtch Alliances made by Russia 123 June.Napoleon's advance into Russia 124 His retreat 125 War between England and the United States 126 Attacks on Canada 129 American successes at sea 131 Feb,.1813.hc314isalKofyatreT Ausrtiandiplomacy135 2,21Ma.yLützen and Bautzen 135 Aug.,Oc.tDresden and Leipzig 137 FrancelosesSaxony,Holland,andSwitzelrand138 Americanwarconitnued138 1 June.Duel of theShannonandChesapeake142 Jan-.Ma.r,1814.Campaign in France 143 April..IIVIXedllcareesopednsiuoL:dNapoleo415 24 Dec.Treaty of Ghent 147 Jul .yfAlexanVisitorFdereciedrnadtomngEWikialldnal841 CHAPTER VII. VIENNAANDWATERLOO. 30Ma,y1814.trtrsfieTh941siraPfoytae EnglishblockadeofNorwegianpotrs150 Union of Sweden and Norway 150 RestoraitonofFerdinandVII.andPiusV.II150 Attemptstoabolishtheslavertade151 Sept,.18141-J8u1n5e,Congress of Vienna 152 . 3Jan,.1815.351aduAtsirnaec,naland,FrweenEngytaetebercerttS 1 March. 153Napoleon's return from Elba FilghtofLouisXVIII.t:hennioelcAAettidd155 Plansofthealiles156 Defeat and death of Murat 157 June.myarshi:lsseus851trBnoanitgeWll 16. 159Ligny and Quatre Bras 18.Waterloo 160 Jul .yupccdiearPoiseill361stybaeh 22 June.Second abdication of Napoleon 165 His surrender to England 165 RestoraitonofLouisXVIII.:rteatyofVienna166 Resettlement of Europe 166 20No.vofaPir:sEgnilshgains167Sonectrdtyea 26Sep.tHehTillAylo816cean NapoleonatS.tHelena169 CHAPTERVII.I THEFIRSTYEARSOFPEAC.E 1816. 171Depression and discontent Vansittart'sfinancialpoilcy173 UnionofBriitshandIrishexchequers174 2Dec,.1816. 175Spa Fields riot
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[Pgx]iii
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ProsecuitonofHone177 1818.raneGe8no71ceitlle 16Aug,.1819.The "Manchester massacre" 178 Dec.The six acts 180 1817, 1819.Isnitutitno2rm18erruc:soferycnvisafonkbasng 6 Nov., 1817.taheDircnfoPoltt1e48seshCra 1818.Royal marriages 184 29Jan,.1820.1.58IIIroegothGefeaD Royalist reaction in Europe 187 1816.EnsaiagnioitedxpttheBarbarysttase817 1819. 189Murder of Kotzebue 30Sept,.1818.erenConffAiceoC-ah-xal1e98epll Spainasksforassistancerfomtheailles190 TheEuropeanalilance190 CHAPTER IX. THELASTYEARSOFLORDLPREVLOOI. 1820.The Cato Street conspiracy 192 Dissolutionofpalriament193 The"queen'sirtal"194 7 Aug., 1821. 196Her death 1822.Changes in the cabinet 199 12 Aug.Death of Castlereagh 199 Sep.tCanning foreign secretary 200 Jan. 201Peel home secretary 1823. 202Reform of the navigation laws Agricultural discontent 203 1825.frenivendfzyaiclaninaci02pna5ecSpatul 1823-26.soinobRanifs'n602ecn General election of 1826 207 Close of Liverpool's ministry 208 CHAPTER X. PROBLEMS INSOUTHERNEUROPE. 1820.voReiontilu:niapSnycilopofnon-interventoi2n01 July, Aug.121gulaoPtrnadvoRetilusontinTehSowlicisei 20 Oct.Congress of Troppau 211 Jan., 1821.Congress of Laibach 212 Mar.,Apri.l21Roenvtoileunt3mdei:tnonoiPniinnrvteusAiatr InsurrecitonsintheMoreaandCenrtalGreece214 Aug.5aStanicrydoor21n" " Utlra-royalistpartiesinFranceandSpain215 LossofSpanishcoloniesinAmeirca215 1822.Conference at Vienna 216 20Oc.t 217Congress of Verona Offerofmediaitondeclined218 7Aprli,1823. 220War between France and Spain 12Oct,.1822.Independence of Brazil 221 July, 1825. 222Conference at London 2Dec,.1823.odtcirenMnoore2e2h3T 1824-25..tStePcnertae24sberg2urConfe 1 Dec., 1825.522.IreofaehtDxandAleTsartheCHAPTERX.I TORYDSIOENNSSIANDCATHOLICRE ILE.F Aplir,1827. 227Formation of Canning's ministry Addiitonstotheminisrty228 8 Aug.Death of Canning 228 Sept.Goderich's cabinet 229 Dissensions:resignaitonofGoderich230 9Jan,.1828.2e03icffotsepccaontgnilleW The Eastern question 232 20 Oct., 1827.Navarino 233 1828.235aelRpedantesthetofstcanoitaroproc May, June.Chahteimingnseinryst623 June,Jul.y327itnoeracelehTlCe 1821.eMsaforuresholicatfeilerc932 1825.Further measures 241 GeorgeIV'.soppositiontocatholicreilef244 1829.42feilercilohtacptdoaelPedanelWngli5nto Ma.r,Apri.libllhteontaseDeb624 13Aprli. 249The royal assent 21 Mar.ihcniWd052aeslgnotnnaneWleilelbetweDu ExclusionofO'ConnellrfomParilament251 CHAPTERX.II PORTUGALANDGREECE. 10Ma.r,1826.Death of John VI. of Portugal 253 2 May.ishaudouavofr2air45ethgaMrPeteetsnifrbaidac 31 July. 254Miguel proclaimed king by the absolutists e2 Dec.esdnalgnEvogmnretne55dnsrtoosptoehlpthePortugues 3 Mar., 1828. 258Peter appoints Miguel regent for Maria Dec., 1827.Ttaulsheesfiden60usRa2si 26Aprli,1828.Russia makes war on the Turks 263 NegotiationsforsetltementofGreekquestion264 Oc.t,Nov.oosphrtercnF56rofthmMoea2repxetleTehskru TermsofsetltementagreedonatPorosandLondon266 14 Sept. 1829.ple2iano67ePcaArdefo 3 Feb., 1830.dnneedeprhno:ttGeinreecopoeLecn862dlrefeoferiPtodFrance conquers Algiers 269 CHAPTERXIII. PRELUDEOFREFORM. 1830.benelshndWshagnilfoEoinmataAglam172sehc Moitonsforreform271 26 June.Death of George IV. 272 Generaleleciton274 15 Sept.Death of Huskisson 275 Welilngton'soppositiontoreform277 Fallofhisminisrty278 Nov.reGacytpecfosecif872 His cabinet 279 Theregencyblil281 Feb,.1831.ohtlAgeudbstirf'srp2t38 Pubilcdemandforreform285 Dratfotfheifrstreformbill287 System of representation in the unreformed house 288 Popularexctiement:secondreadingoftheblil291 Dissoluitonofparilament292 CHAPTER XIV. THEREFORM. 1831.eneGitno923arllece 24 June.educ429nildortmroflibecondreS 8 Oct.ejR96rds2eolyhtnobceit Reformbilirlots296 Attemptsatcompromiseinthelords299 12 Dec.Final reform bill introduced 300 Graduallossoftheking'sconifdenceintheministry302 9Ma,y1832. 302Grey resigns Welilngtonunabletoformaminisrty303 The king recalls Grey 304 4 June.034ibllhteTfongdiearrdhi ScotchandIirshreformbillscarried306 26Oc.t 309The cholera epidemic 1831.The census 311 State of Ireland 312 O'Connel'lsagitaiton312 The"ttihe-war"inIreland314 LegislationforrIeland316 TheKlidarePlaceSociety317 CHAPTER XV. FTSRIUOFTHEREFORM. 1832.General election 318 1833.ilbonciercoIhris023l irIshChurchtemporalitiesblil322 Ministerial changes 325 Abolitionofcolonialslavery326 Factory acts 327 TheEasItndiaCompanyact328 Bankchatreract330 Formationofjudicialcommitteeotfheprivycouncli332 Act for the abolition of fines and recoveries 333 1831, 1832, 1833. 334Althorp's budgets CHAPTER XVI. RELIGIOUSMOVEMENTSANDPOORLAWREFORM. 1833.mnairatcarTehTvomene3t63 1832.atcin3io38ehttirBhsiossAirstmeetingofF FoundaitonoftheCatholicApostoilcChurch339 1834. 340The "new poor law" Creation of a central poor law board 343 Ministeiraldiscord344 9 July.esr'seyGr643noitangi Formation of Melbourne's ministry 347 16Oc.tfoprailmane3t94eDurtsoitcofnhetouhsse 14 Nov.Melbournegisers'53noitan0 Wellington'sprovisionalgovernment351 Dec. 352Peel's cabinet The Tamworth manifesto 353 CHAPTER XVII. PEELANDMELBOURNE. Jan,.1835. 354General election Feb. 354Abercromby elected speaker The "Lichfield House compact" 356 Aprli.'selPe653noitangiserMelbourne'ssecondminisrty357 Exclusion of Brougham 357 Municipalcorporaitonsact360 Jan,.1836.or36cell3malethnhcnarodotC ConflictwiththelordsonIirshbills365 Tithecommutaitonact(English)365 Reformedmariragelaw366 Registration system 366 1835, 1836.Crusade against Orange lodges 367 1836.The paper duties lowered 369 Committeeonagirculturaldistress370 1836, 1837. 371Agitation in Ireland 1837.hsmIiripalunicl372bil Church rates 373 Burdettsecedesrfomthewhigparty374 20 June.iallIVmothWifDae573. CHAPTERXVIII. FOREIGNRELATIONSUNDERWLLAIIMIV. July, 1830.uJf73yl6onoituloverehT RecogntiionofLouisPhliippebythePowers377 Sept.t3olevr79vorpnainisecniBelg 20 Dec. 381Protocol of London June, 1831.gniKfodlopsaofneoLleEioctians383theBelg Aug.483dnlaolHndaumgielteewneBWrabFrenchrtoopsenterBelgium384 Nov.683tdlehehessatihrliftercBndnFeScethckadblo No.v,1833.beniontveonCllnadnawteenoHm387dBelgiu 1830.oitcisnsnIerruanrlPd,Swnzeitd,Iolan,ettaly7.c83 1831, 1832.tutionabolished838eurptCasaarWofsiloP;witsnoch 7Aprli,1831.etPlerveeaBrslizarofroPagut883l CailrsrtebeliloninSpain389 22Apir,l1834.ealruplquadThe9nail83ec 26Ma.y 390Miguel renounces his claims 9 Oct., 1831.Capoded39inat2tnediserssassa)siatrispekre(G 1832.faBotoaebavirOtecee293mecoKisongGrf1831.nadhteu3Stlna93betweenIbrahimraW 1833.aeitseorTehandUfKiutaysele93isaiknkSr4 8 Sept. 395Secret convention at Münchengrätz CHAPTER XIX. BSITIR HIADIN. 1801.ationoftheKaránit3k79exnnA 1803. 399Assaye and Argáum 1805.LornofllesdWe99el3yeRngisoita 10Jul,y1806.tiMuVetany004eroll LordMinto'spacificpoilcy401 1801-10.Tria402tihePsraeitsewElphinstone in Afghánistán 403 1813. 404Lord Moira appointed governor-general The Pindárí war 405 1818.uSgujboita4s70nofthePindárí First Burmese war 408 Aboilitonofsatí410 Exitrpaitonofthagí411 Defence of Herat 412 CommunicaitonwithIndia413 Burnes's mission to Kábul 413 CHAPTER XX. LITERATUREANDSOCIALPROGRESS. The "Lake school" 416 Scott's novels 418 Minorpoets:phliosophicalworks420 Newspapers and reviews 422 Essayists and historians 425 Thearts:painitng,sculpture427 Scientificdiscoveires428 Universtiyreform429 Formation of London University 431 Improvements in agriculture 433 Steam navigation 434 The first railways 435 Geographical discovery 436 Phlianthropy436 Canada 437 SouthAfirca438 ConvictsettlementsinAustraila438 DevelopmentofAusrtaila439 APPENDIXI. itir esOn Autho 443 II . 451Administrations, 1801-37 MAPS. (ATTHEENDOF THEVOLUM).E 1.yrrpeerilmaneattheparshowing.mrehtoferafnrtentseioatteaGrn,aiitBr 2.pSgntaritults,liugalPortandain.rwarlasuinenPhe 3.India. CHAPTER I. ADDINGTON. When,earlyinMarch,1801,Ptitresignedoffice,hewassucceededbyHenryAddington,whohadbeen speakerofthehouseofcommonsforoverelevenyears,andwhonowreceivedthesealsofofifceasifrsltord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer on March 14, 1801. He was able to retain the services of the DukeofPortlandashomesecretar,yofLordChathamaspresidentofthecouncli,andofLordWestmorland aslordpirvyseal.Fortheres,thiscolleagueswere,likehimse,flnewtocabinetrank.LordHawkesbury (afterwardsthesecondEarlofLiverpool)becameforeignsecretar,yandLordHobar,tsonoftheEarlof Buckinghamshire,secretaryforwar.Loughboroughreapedtheduerewardofhisrteacherybybeing excludedfromtheminisrtyatlogether;withacuriousobstinacyhepersistedinattendingcabinetcounclis,until aletterfromAddingtoninformedhimthathispresencewasnotdesired.Hereceivedsomesmallconsolaiton, however,inhiselevaitontotheEarldomofRosslyn.LordEldonwasthenewchancellorandwasdestinedto holdtheofficeuninterruptedl,yexceptforthebriefminisrtyofFoxandGrenville,till1827.LordSt.Vincent becamefirstlordoftheadmiratl,yandLordLewishampresidentoftheboardofcontrol.Cornwallishad resignedwithPit,tbuttiwasnotitllJune16thatasuccessorwasfoundforhimasmastergeneralofthe ordnance.ItwasthenarrangedthatChathamshouldtakethisofifce.PorltandsucceededChathamaslord president, and Lord Pelham, whose father had just been created Earl of Chichester, became home secretary insteadofPortland.Animpotrantchangewasinrtoducedintothedisirtbuitonofworkbetweenthedifferent secretairesofstate,theadminisrtationofcolonialaffairsbeingrtansferredfromthehometothewaroffice,so thatHobartandhissuccessorsdownto1854wereknownassecretairesofstateforwarandthecolonies. SoonatferwardsLewishamsucceededhisfatherasEarlofDartmouth. ThoughtheAddingtonministryhas,notwtihoutjustice,beenderidedforitsweaknessascomparedwtihtis immediatepredecessor,tiisinteresitngtoobservethatinitoneotfhegreatestofEnglishjudgesaswellasa futurepremie,rdestinedtodisplayanuniquepowerofholdinghispatrytogethe,rfirstattainedtocabinetrank; andinthefollowingyearitwasreinforcedbyCasltereagh,whodisputeswtihCanningthehonourofbeing regarded as the ablest statesman of what was then the younger generation. The weakness of the ministry mustthereforebeattributedtoalackofexperienceratherthanalackoftalent.tIwasunfotrunatein succeedingaparitculalrysrtongadministraiton,butiswellabletobearcomparisonwithmostofthelater ministriesofGeorgeII.IAddingtonhimselfwasinmorethoroughsympathywiththekingthananypremier beforeorafte.rConversaitonwtihAddingtonwas,accordingtotheking,like"thinkingaloud";andwtihaking who,ilkeGeorgeIII.,sitllregardedhimselfasresponsibleforthenationalpolic,yheartyco-operationbetween kingandpremierwasamatterofnosilghtimportance. IntheealrydaysofthenewadminisrtaitonPtitloyallykepthispromiseofirfendlysuppotr,anditistobe deploredthatGrenvilleandCanningdidnotadoptthesamecourse.Whlietheissueofpeaceandwarwas pending,domesitclegislaitoninevitablyremainedinabeyance.InIrelandseirousdisappointmenthadbeen causedbytheabandonmentofcathoilcemancipaiton;butthedisappointmentwasbornequielt,yandtheIrish Romancatholicsdoubltessdidnotforeseetowhatadistanceofitmetheremovaloftheirdisabiitileshad beenpostponed.Thejustandmildruleofthenewlordileutenan,tLordHardwicke,contributedtothe pacificationofthecounrty.Buitnreailtytheconductofthemovementforemancipationwasonlypassinginto newhands;whenitreappeareditwasnolongerledbycathoilclordsandbishops,butwasapeasant movement,headedbytheunscrupulousdemagogueO'Conne.llInthesecircumstancestiistoberegretted thatthenewadministrationneglectedtocarrythatoneofthehafl-promisedconcessionstothecathoilcs whichcouldnotoffendtheking'sconscience,namel,ythecommutaitonoftithe.Nothingintheprotestant ascendencywassoirirtaitngtothecatholicpeasanrtyasthenecessityofpayingttihetoaprotestantclerg,y andtiscommutation,whliebeneiftingtheclergythemselves,wouldhaveremovedtheoccasionof subsequentagtiaiton.Thespiirtofdisloyalty,however,wasbelievedtobebynomeansextincteitherin IrelandorinGreatBritain,andtwostringentactswerepassedtorepress.tiTheifrs,tforthecontinuanceof maritallawinIreland,wassuppotredbyalmostalltheIrishspeakersinthehouseofcommons,wheretiwas cariredwtihoutadivision,andwasadoptedinthehouseoflordsbyanoverwhelmingmajotir,yafteran impressivespeechrfomLordClare.Thesecond,forthesuspensionofthehabeas corpusact in the whole UnitedKingdomwasrfamedtoremaininforce"duirngtheconitnuanceofthewar,andforonemonthafterthe signingofadefiniitvetreatyofpeace". The only other measure of permanent interest which became law in this session wastheso-called"HorneTookeact,"occasionedbythereturnofHorneTooke,whoTHE HORNE TOOKE was in holy orders, for Old Sarum. Such a return was contrary to custom, but theACT. precedentscollectedbyacommitteeofthehouseofcommonswereinconclusive.It wasaccordinglyenactedthatinfutureclergymenoftheestablishedchurchesshouldbeineilgibleforseatsin pailrament,whileHorneTookewasdeemedtohavebeenvaildlyelected,andretainedhissea.tThehouseof commonsfoundtime,however,foranimpotrantandwell-sustaineddebateonIndia,inwhichamongothers Dundas,nownolongerinoiffce,showedathoroughknowledgeofquestionsaffectingIndianfinanceand rtade. ThenavalexpediitonwhichhadbeenpreparedinthelastdaysofPitt'sadministraitonsailedforCopenhagen onMarch12,1801,underSirHydeParker,wtihNelsonassecondincommand.Theadmirailnchiefwasofa cautioustemper,butwaswiseenoughtoallowhimselftobeguidedbyNelson'sjudgmentwhenplanningan