The Tinguian - Social, Religious, and Economic Life of a Philippine Tribe

Fay-Cooper Cole

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• Publié par: vaveh
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 37
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Tinguian, by Fay-Cooper Cole This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: The Tinguian Social, Religious, and Economic Life of a Philippine Tribe Author: Fay-Cooper Cole Release Date: July 8, 2004 [EBook #12849] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TINGUIAN *** Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Distributed Proofreaders Team The Tinguian Social, Religious, and Economic Life of a Philippine Tribe By Fay-Cooper Cole Assistant Curator of Malayan Ethnology 1922 Page 229 Contents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 231 INTRODUCTION 235 I. G EOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS AND H ISTORY 238 II. PHYSICAL TYPE AND RELATIONSHIPS 247 III. THE CYCLE OF LIFE 261 Birth 261 Childhood 272 Engagement and Marriage 278 Death and Burial 283 The Layog 290 IV. RELIGION AND MAGIC 295 V. THE CEREMONIES 315 1. The Minor Ceremonies 315 2. The Great Ceremonies 327 3. Special Ceremonies 355 VI. SOCIAL O RGANIZATION. G OVERNMENT. THE V ILLAGE 359 VII. WARFARE, H UNTING, AND FISHING 371 VIII. ECONOMIC LIFE 387 Rice Culture 387 Cultivated Plants and Trees 403 Wild Plants and Trees 408 Plants and Trees Used in the Treatment of Disease 409 Use of Betel-Nut, Tobacco, and Stimulants 410 Domestic Animals 411 IX. PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY 413 Iron-Working 413 Spinning and Weaving 416 Manufacture of Rope and String 420 Bark Cloth 422 Basket Making 423 Mats 426 Dyes 426 Net Making 427 Manufacture of Pottery 427 Pipe Making 428 Method of Drying Hides 429 X. D ECORATIVE A RT 431 XI. PERSONAL A DORNMENT, D ANCES, AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 437 XII. MUSIC, BY A LBERT G ALE 443 CONCLUSIONS 486 INDEX 491 Page 230 List of Illustrations Text-Figures 1. Child's Cradle and Jumper 2. Diagram of a Game 3. Cross Sections Showing Types of Graves 4. Ceremonial Paraphernalia 5. Household Objects 6. Spoons and Ladles 7. Types of Knives 8. Head-axes 9. Spears 10. Shields 11. Chicken Snare 12. Bird Snares 13. Fishing Devices 14. Grass Knife; Root Adze; Rice Cutter 15. Agricultural Implements 16. Devices Used in Spinning and Weaving 17. Rope-Making Appliances 18. Bark Beater 19. Basket Weaves 20. Net Needle and Mesh Stick 21. Tobacco-Pipes 22. Designs on Pipes and Pottery 23. Decorative Designs 24. Patterns Used in Weaving 25. Blanket Designs 26. Musical Instruments Plates Frontispiece: Map of Northwestern Luzon. I. The Province of Abra, Looking Inland from the Coast Range. II. Abra, Looking toward the Sea from the Top of the Cordillera Central. III. Manabo Man. IV. Man of Ba-ak. V. Manabo Woman. VI. Woman of Patok. VII. A Mountain Tinguian from Likuan. VIII. A Young Man from Likuan. IX. Girl from the Mountain Village of Lamaw (Photograph from Philippine Bureau of Science). X. A Woman from Lamaw (Photograph from Philippine Bureau of Science). XI. A Typical Small Boy (Photograph from Philippine Bureau of Science). XII. The Baby Tender. XIII. A Betrothed Maiden. XIV. The Wedding. XV. Mothers and Babies. XVI. Funeral of Malakay. XVII. The Whipping at a Funeral. XVIII. Inapapaiag. An Offering to the Spirits. XIX. The Medium's Outfit. XX. Ceremonial Houses. XXI. Balaua. The Greatest of the Spirit Structures. Page 231 XXII. Spirit Houses in a Garden. XXIII. The Kalangan: A Spirit House; Second in Importance. XXIV. The Saloko. A Split Bamboo, in which Offerings are Placed. Ceremonies. XXV. The Saloko. A Spirit Bamboo, in which Offerings are Placed. XXVI. Ready to Launch the Spirit Raft on the River. XXVII. The Tangpap. An Important Spirit Structure. XXVIII. Gateway at Likuan. XXIX. Pottery Houses, for the Spirit of the Rice. XXX. A Medium Making an Offering to the Guardian Stones. XXXI. Ceremonial Pounding of the Rice. XXXII. Renewing the Offering on the Spirit Shield. XXXIII. Singeing a Pig at a Ceremony. XXXIV. Offering of the Pigs to the Spirits. XXXV. The Sayang Ceremony. XXXVI. Potters at Work. XXXVII. A Family of Laba-an. XXXVIII. The Village of Sallapadin. XXXIX. Typical Houses. XL. House Building. XLI. Roofing a House. XLII. Water Carriers (Photograph from Philippine Bureau of Science). XLIII. A Tinguian Housewife (Photograph from Philippine Bureau of Science). XLIV. A Warrior. XLV. Hunter Fitted for the Trail. XLVI. Hunting Party on Mt. Posoey. XLVII. Shooting the Blowgun. XLVIII. Highland Field and Terraces at Patok. XLIX. The Rice Terraces near Likuan. L. Plowing in the Lower Terraces. LI. Taking Rice Sprouts from the Seed Beds. LII. Transplanting the Rice. LIII. Bird Scarers in the Fields. LIV. Harvesting the Rice. LV. The Rice Granary. LVI. Pounding Rice (Photograph from Philippine Bureau of Science). LVII. Winnowing and Sifting (Photograph from Philippine Bureau of Science). LVIII. Drying Corn. LIX. Breaking the Corn between Two Stones. LX. Preparing Tobacco. LXI. Feeding the Pigs. LXII. A Typical Forge of the Iron Workers. LXIII. Ginning Cotton and Sizing the Thread. LXIV. Beating Cotton on a Carabao Hide. LXV. Spinning (Photograph from Philippine Bureau of Science). LXVI. Weaving a Blanket. LXVII. Basket Making. LXVIII. Basket Types. LXIX. Basket Types. Page 232 LXX. The Net Maker. LXXI. Ceremonial Blanket. LXXII. Blankets Showing Designs. LXXIII. Blankets Showing Designs. LXXIV. Woven Belts and Clouts. LXXV. Men of Sallapadin. LXXVI. Typical Dress of the Man. LXXVII. Women in Full Dress. LXXVIII. Customary Dress of the Woman. LXXIX. Women's Arm Beads. LXXX. Woman Wearing Girdle and Clout (Photograph from Philippine Bureau of Science). LXXXI, 1. Dancing Tadek at a Ceremony. LXXXI, 2. Beating the Copper Gongs. LXXXII. The Nose Flute. LXXXIII. Playing on Bamboo Guitars. Page 233 Introduction It seems desirable, at the outset, to set forth certain general conclusions regarding the Tinguian and their neighbors. Probably no pagan tribe of the Philippines has received more frequent notice in literature, or has been the subject of more theories regarding its origin, despite the fact that information concerning it has been exceedingly scanty, and careful observations on the language and physical types have been totally lacking. According to various writers, these people are descended from Chinese, Japanese, or Arabs; are typical Malay; are identical with the Igorot; are pacific, hospitable, and industrious; are inveterate head-hunters, inhospitable, lazy, and dirty. The detailed discussion of these assertions will follow later in the volume, but at this point I wish to state briefly the racial and cultural situation, as I believe it to exist in northwestern Luzon. I am under the impression that at one time this whole region was inhabited by pygmy blacks, known as Aeta or Negrito, small groups of whom still retain their identity. With the coming of an alien people they were pressed back from the coasts to the less hospitable regions of the interior, where they were, for the most part, exterminated, but they intermarried with the invaders to such an extent that to-day there is no tribe or group in northwestern Luzon but shows evidence of intermixture with them. I believe that the newcomers were drawn from the so-called primitive Malay peoples of southeastern Asia; that in their movement eastward and northward they met with and absorbed remnants of an earlier migration made up of a people closely related to the Polynesians, and that the results of this intermixture are still evident, not only in Luzon, but in every part of the Archipelago. In northern Luzon, I hold, we find evidences of at least two series of waves and periods of migration, the members of which are similar physical type and language. It appears, however, that they came from somewhat different localities of southeastern Asia and had, in their old homes, developed social organizations and other elements of culture radically Page 234 different from one another—institutions and groupings which they brought with them to the Philippines, and which they have maintained up to the present time. To the first series belong the Igorot1 with their institutions of trial marriage; division of their settlements into social and political units known as ato; separate dormitories for unmarried men and women; government by the federated divisions of a village as represented by the old men; and a peculiar and characteristic type of dwelling. In the second wave series we find the Apayo, the western division at least of the people known as Kalinga, the Tinguian, and Ilocano.2 In none of these groups do we find the institutions just mentioned. Trial unions are unknown, and marriage restrictions are based solely on blood relationship; government is through the headman aided by the elders of his village, or is a pure democracy. Considerable variation exists between the dwellings of these four peoples, yet they conform to a general type which is radically different from that of the Igorot. The Apayao and Kalinga divisions of this second wave series, by reason of their environment, their more isolated localities and consequent lack of frequent communication with the coast, have a simpler culture than that of the Tinguian; yet they have, during many generations, developed certain traits and institutions now apparently peculiar to them. The Tinguian and Ilocano, on the other hand, have had the advantages of outside communication of extensive trade, and the admixture of a certain amount of foreign blood. These last two groups evidently left their ancient home as a unit, at a time prior to the Hindu domination of Java and Sumatra, but probably not until the influence of that civilization had begun to make itself felt. Traces of Indian culture are still to be found in the language, folklore, religion, and economic life of this people, while the native script which the Spanish found in use among the Ilocano s