The Project Gutenberg eBook, VegetableTeratology, by Maxwell T. Masters, Illustrated by E.M. WilliamsThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.orgTitle: Vegetable TeratologyAn Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of PlantsAuthor: Maxwell T. MastersRelease Date: November 6, 2007 [eBook #23354]Language: EnglishCharacter set encoding: ISO-8859-1***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VEGETABLE TERATOLOGY*** E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, Leonard Johnson,and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team(http://www.pgdp.net) THERAY SOCIETY.INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the Ray Society for the Year 1868.LONDON:MDCCCLXIX.VEGETABLE TERATOLOGY,AN ACCOUNTOF THEPRINCIPAL DEVIATIONS FROM THE USUALCONSTRUCTION OF PLANTSBYMAXWELL T. MASTERS, M.D., F.L.S.WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS BYE. M. WILLIAMS.LONDON:PUBLISHED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY BYROBERT HARDWICKE, 192. PICCADILLY.MDCCCLXIX.TOJOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D.,D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., ETC. ETC.DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW,This VolumeISGRATEFULLY INSCRIBED.TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGEINTRODUCTION xxiBOOK I.DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY ARRANGEMENT 1PART I.—Union of Organs 8CHAPTER I.Cohesion 9Cohesion ...
The Project Gutenberg eBook, Vegetable
Teratology, by Maxwell T. Masters, Illustrated by E.
M. Williams
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Vegetable Teratology
An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants
Author: Maxwell T. Masters
Release Date: November 6, 2007 [eBook #23354]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VEGETABLE TERATOLOGY***
E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, Leonard Johnson,
and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
(http://www.pgdp.net)
THE
RAY SOCIETY.
INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.
This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the Ray Society for the Year 1868.
LONDON:
MDCCCLXIX.VEGETABLE TERATOLOGY,
AN ACCOUNT
OF THE
PRINCIPAL DEVIATIONS FROM THE USUAL
CONSTRUCTION OF PLANTS
BY
MAXWELL T. MASTERS, M.D., F.L.S.
WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS BY
E. M. WILLIAMS.
LONDON:
PUBLISHED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY BY
ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192. PICCADILLY.
MDCCCLXIX.
TO
JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D.,
D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., ETC. ETC.
DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW,
This Volume
IS
GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED.TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
INTRODUCTION xxi
BOOK I.
DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY ARRANGEMENT 1
PART I.—Union of Organs 8
CHAPTER I.
Cohesion 9
Cohesion between axes of same plant, 9—Fasciation, 11—Cohesion of foliar organs, 21—Of margins of single
organs, 21—Tubular petals, 23—Cohesion of several organs by their margins, 25—Of the sepals, 27—Of the
petals, 28—Of the stamens, 29—Of the pistils, 29—Ascidia or pitchers, 30.
CHAPTER II.
Adhesion 32
Adhesion of foliar organs, 32—Of leaves by their surfaces, 33—Of foliar to axile organs, 34—Of sepals to petals,
34—Of stamens to petals, 34—Of stamens to pistils, 35—Miscellaneous adhesions, 35—Of fruit to branch, 36—
Synanthy, 36—Syncarpy, 45—Synspermy, 50—Between axes of different plants of same species, 50—And of
different species, 55—Synophty.
PART II.—Independence of Organs 58
CHAPTER I.
Fission 59
Fission of axile organs, 60—Of foliar organs, 61—Of petals, 66—Of stamens, 68—Of carpels, 68.
CHAPTER II.
Dialysis 69
Dialysis of margins of individual parts, 70—Of margins of parts of same whorl-calyx, 70—Of corolla, 71—Of
stamens, 73—Of carpels, 73.
CHAPTER III.
Solution 76
Solution of calyx from ovary, 77—Of stamens from petals, 82.
PART III.—Alterations of Position 83
CHAPTER I.
Displacement 84
Displacement of bulbs, 84—Of inflorescence, 85—Of leaves, 87—Of parts of flowers, 91—Of carpels, 96—Of
placentas and ovules, 96.
CHAPTER II.
Prolification 100
Prolification of the inflorescence, 102—Median foliar, 103—Median floral, 105—Lateral foliar, 106—Lateral floral,
107—Prolification of the flower, 115—Median foliar, 116—Median floral, 119—Axillary prolification, 138—Foliar,
141—Floral, 142—Complicated prolification, 151—Of embryo, 155.
CHAPTER III.
Heterotaxy 156
Formation of adventitious roots, 156—Of shoots below the cotyledons, 161—Adventitious leaves, 162—On
scapes, 163—Production of leaves or scales in place of flower-buds, 164—Viviparous plants, 168—Formation of
buds on leaves, 170—In pith, 171—On bulbs, 172—Production of gemmæ in place of spores, 173—Of flowers on
leaves, 174—Of flower-buds in place of leaf-buds, 176—Of flowers on spines, 177—Of flower-buds on petals,
177—On fruits, 178—In ovaries, 180—Of stamens in ovaries, 182—Of pollen in ovules, 185—Homomorphic
flowers of Compositæ, 188—Heterotaxy affecting the inflorescence, 188—Supra-soriferous ferns, 190.CHAPTER IV.
Heterogamy 190
Change in the position of male and female flowers, 191—From monœcious to diœcious condition, 193—From
diœcious to monœcious, 193—From hermaphroditism to unisexuality, 195—From unisexuality to
hermaphroditism, 197—Pollen replaced by ovules, 201.
CHAPTER V.
Alterations in the direction of organs 201
Fastigiation, 202—Eversion, 204—Altered direction of leaves, 205—Altered direction of flower, 206—Reflexion,
209—Gymnaxony, 211.
BOOK II.
DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY FORM 213
PART I.—Stasimorphy 216
CHAPTER I.
Persistence of juvenile forms 217
Stasimorphy in leaves of Conifers, 217—Regular peloria, 219.
PART II.—Pleiomorphy 228
CHAPTER I.
Irregular peloria 228
PART III.—Metamorphy 240
CHAPTER I.
Phyllody 241
Phyllody of bracts, 242—In inflorescence of Conifers, 245—Of calyx, 245—Of corolla, 251—Of stamens, 253—Of
pistils, 256—Of ovules, 262—Changes in nucleus of ovule, 269—Phyllody of accessory organs, 272—Chloranthy,
273—General remarks on, 278.
CHAPTER II.
Metamorphy of floral organs 281
Sepalody of petals, 282—Petalody of calyx, calycanthemy, 283—Petalody of stamens, 285—Of anther, 291—Of
connective, 293—Compound stamens, 294—Petalody of pistils, 296—Of ovules, 297—Of accessory organs,
297—Staminody of the bracts, 298—Of sepals and petals, 298—Of pistils, 299—Of accessory organs, 301—
Pistillody of perianth, 302—Of sepals, 302—Of stamens, 303—Of ovules, 310.
PART IV.—Heteromorphy 311
CHAPTER I.
Deformities 311
Formation of tubes, 312—In flower, 314—Spurs, 315—Contortion, 316—Spiral torsion, 319—Of leaf, 326—
Adventitious tendrils, 326—Interrupted growth, 327—Cornute leaves, 328—Flattening, 328.
CHAPTER II.
Polymorphy 329
Heterophylly, 330—Dimorphism, 333—Sports or bud-variations, 336.
CHAPTER III.
Alterations of colour 337
Albinism, 337—Virescence, 338—Chromatism, 339.
BOOK III.
DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY NUMBER 340
PART I.—Increased Number of Organs 343
CHAPTER I.Multiplication of axile organs—inflorescence 346
Multiplication of branches, 346—Plica, 346—Polyclady, 347—Multiplication of branches of inflorescence, 348—Of
bulbs, 350—Of florets, 351.
CHAPTER II.
Multiplication of foliar organs 352
Pleiophylly, 353—Multiplication of stipules, bracts, &c., 357—Polyphylly, 358—Increased number of leaves in a
whorl, 358—Polyphylly of bracts, 358—Of calyx, 358—Of corolla, 359—Of andrœcium, 361—Of gynœcium, 363—
Of flower in general, 365—Increased number of ovules and seeds, 367—Of embryos, 369—Of cotyledons, 370—
Pleiotaxy, or multiplication of whorls, 371—Pleiotaxy of bracts, 371—Of calyx, 374—Of perianth, 375—Of corolla
(hose in hose), 376—Andrœcium, 379—Andrœcium of Orchids, 380—Pleiotaxy of gynœcium, 388—Increased
number of flowers in an inflorescence, 391.
PART II.—Diminished Number of Organs 392
CHAPTER I.
Suppression of Axile Organs 393
Acaulosia, 393—Non-development of peduncle, 393—Nature of calyx-tube (Casimir de Candolle), 394—
Suppression of columella, 395.
CHAPTER II.
Suppression of Foliar Organs 395
Aphylly, 395—Meiophylly, 396—Of calyx or perianth, 396—Of corolla, 397—Of andrœcium, 398—Of gynœcium,
399—Of flower, 400—Meiotaxy, 403—Of calyx, 403—Of corolla, 403—Of andrœcium, 405—Of gynœcium, 406—Of
ovules or seeds, 407—Of flower, 408—General remarks on suppression, 409.
BOOK IV.
DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY SIZE AND CONSISTENCE 413
PART I—Hypertrophy 416
CHAPTER I.
Enlargement 417
Of axile organs, 418—Knaurs, 419—Enlargement of buds, 420—Of flower-stalk, 421—In pears, 423—Of
placenta, 424—Of leaves, 426—Development of parts usually abortive, 427—Enlargement of perianth, 428—Of
andrœcium, 430—Of gynœcium, 430—Of fruit, 431—Alterations of consistence, 432.
CHAPTER II.
Elongation 488
Elongation of root, 434—Of inflorescence, 434—Of flower-stalks, 435—Of leaves, 437—Of parts of flower, 438—
Of thalamus and placenta, 440—Apostasis, 440.
CHAPTER III.
Enation 443
Excrescences from axile organs, warts, 444—Enation from leaves, 445—From sepals, 448—From petals, 448—
Catacorolla, 451—Enation from stamens, 453—From carpels, 453.
PART II.—Atrophy 454
CHAPTER I.
Abortion 455
Abortion of axile organs, 455—Of receptacle, 457—Of leaves, 458—Of perianth, calyx, and corolla, 460—Of
stamens, 463—Of pollen, 463—Of pistil, fruit, &c., 464—Of ovules, 466—Depauperated ferns, 466—General
remarks, 467.
CHAPTER II.
Degeneration 470
Formation of scales, 470—Of hairs, 472—Of glands, 473—Of tendrils, 473.
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.
General morphology of the leaf and axis, 476.—Homology, 476—Special morphology, 479—Calyx-tube, 480—
Andrœcium, 482—Inferior ovary, 482—Placentation, 483—Structure of the ovule, 484—Leaves of Conifers, 484—
Relative position of organs, 484—Law of alternation, 485—Co-relation, 486—Compensation, 488—Teratology
and classification, 488.APPENDIX.
Double flowers, varieties of, 491—Causes of production, 491—Relation to variegated foliage, 497—List of plants
producing, 499.
NOTE 508
INDEX TO SUBJECTS 511
INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS 517LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG. PAGE
1. Diagram of regular pentamerous flower 4
2. Cohesion of branch Dipsacus sylvestris 10
3. Fasciated lettuce ('Gard. Chron.') 11
4. Fasciation in Asparagus 12
5. Fasciation in Pinus Pinaster 13
6. Fasciation and spiral torsion in Asparagus ('Gard. Chron.') 14
7. Fasciation in scape of dandelion 16
8. Pitcher on leaf of Pelargonium 22
9. Transition from flat to tubular segments of the perianth in Eranthis 24
10. Pitcher of Crassula arborescens (C. Morren) 26
11. Gamopetalous corolla, Papaver bracteatum 28
12. Adhesion of petaloid stamen to segment of perianth, Crocus 35
13. Adhesion of petal, stamen and carpel, Cheiranthus Cheiri 36
14. Synanthy. Campanula Medium ('Gard. Chron.') 37
15, 16. Synanthic flowers of Calanthe vestita 39
17. Synanthy in Digitalis purpurea ('Gard. Chron.') 40
18. Synanthy in Calceolaria 41
19, 20. Syncarpic apples 47
21. Adhesion of two stems of oak ('Gard. Chron.') 51
22. Adhesion of branches of elm ('Gard. Chron.') 52
23. Adhesion of two roots of carrot, one white, the other red ('Gard. Chron.') 53
24. Section through inverted and adherent mushrooms 54
25. Bifurcated male catkin, Cedrus Libani 61
26. Bifurcated leaf, Lamium album 62
27. Bifurcated leaf, Pelargonium 63
28. Bifurcated frond, Scolopendrium 64
29. Three-lobed