Prince Henry the Navigator, the Hero of Portugal and of Modern Discovery, 1394-1460 A.D.: With an Account of Geographical Progress Throughout the Middle Ages As the Preparation for His Work.

Project Gutenberg, C. Raymond Beazley

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The Project Gutenberg eBook, Prince Henry the Navigator, the Hero of Portugal and of Modern Discovery, 1394-1460 A.D., by C. Raymond Beazley This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Prince Henry the Navigator, the Hero of Portugal and of Modern Discovery, 1394-1460 A.D. With an Account of Geographical Progress Throughout the Middle Ages As the Preparation for His Work. Author: C. Raymond Beazley Release Date: July 4, 2006 [eBook #18757] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR, THE HERO OF PORTUGAL AND OF MODERN DISCOVERY, 1394-1460 A.D.*** E-text prepared by Suzanne Lybarger and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net/) Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations and maps. See 18757-h.htm or 18757-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/8/7/5/18757/18757-h/18757-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/8/7/5/18757/18757-h.zip) PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR * * * * * Heroes of the Nations. PER VOLUME, CLOTH, $1.50.--HALF MOROCCO, $1.75. I.--Nelson, and the Naval Supremacy of England. By W. CLARK RUSSELL, author of "The Wreck of the Grosvenor," etc.II.--Gustavus Adolphus, and the Struggle of Protestantism for Existence. By C.R.L. FLETCHER, M.A., late Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. III.--Pericles, and the Golden Age of Athens. By EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A., Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. IV.--Theodoric the Goth, the Barbarian Champion of Civilisation. By THOMAS HODGKIN, author of "Italy and Her Invaders," etc. V.--Sir Philip Sidney: Type of English Chivalry. By H.R. FOX BOURNE. VI.--Julius C sar, and the Organisation of the Roman Empire. By WARDE� FOWLER, M.A., Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. VII.--Wyclif, Last of the Schoolmen and First of the English Reformers. By LEWIS SERGEANT. VIII.--Napoleon, Warrior and Ruler; and the Military Supremacy of Revolutionary France. By WILLIAM O'CONNOR MORRIS. IX.--Henry of Navarre, and the Huguenots in France. By P.F. WILLERT, M.A., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford. X.--Cicero, and the Fall of the Roman Republic. By J.L. STRACHAN-DAVIDSON, M.A., Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. XI.--Abraham Lincoln, and the Downfall of American Slavery. By NOAH BROOKS. XII.--Prince Henry (of Portugal) the Navigator, and the Age of Discovery. By C.R. BEAZLEY, Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. XIII.--Julian the Philosopher, and the Last Struggle of Paganism against Christianity. By ALICE GARDNER, Lecturer on Ancient History, Newnham College. XIV.--Louis XIV., and the Zenith of the French Monarchy. By ARTHUR HASSALL, M.A., Senior Student of Christ Church College, Oxford. (For titles of volumes next to appear and for further details of this Series see prospectus at end of volume.) G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, PUBLISHERS NEW YORK AND LONDON * * * * * Heroes of the Nations Edited by Evelyn Abbot, M.A. Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford FACTA DUCIS VIVENT, OPEROSAQUE GLORIA RERUM.--OVID, IN LIVIAM, 265. THE HERO'S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR THE HERO OF PORTUGAL AND OF MODERN DISCOVERY 1394-1460 A.D.With an Account of Geographical Progress Throughout the Middle Ages As the Preparation for His Work by C. RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., F.R.G.S. Fellow of Merton College, Oxford; Geographical Student in the University of Oxford, 1894 Venient annis s cula seris � Quibus Oceanus vincula rerum Laxet, et ingens pateat tellus, Tethys que novos detegat orbes, Nec sit terris ultima Thule. SENECA, _Medea_ 376/380. [Illustration: GATEWAY AT BELEM. WITH STATUE, BETWEEN THE DOORS, OF PRINCE HENRY IN ARMOUR.] G. P. Putnam's Sons New York 27 West Twenty-Third Street London 24 Bedford Street, Strand The Knickerbocker Press 1895 Copyright, 1894 by G. P. Putnam's Sons Entered at Stationers' Hall, London Electrotyped, Printed and Bound by The Knickerbocker Press, New York G. P. Putnam's Sons CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE xvii INTRODUCTION. THE GREEK AND ARABIC IDEAS OF THE WORLD, AS THE CHIEF INHERITANCE OF THE CHRISTIAN MIDDLE AGES IN GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE. 1 CHAPTER I. EARLY CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS (CIRCA 333-867) 29 CHAPTER II. VIKINGS OR NORTHMEN (CIRCA 787-1066) 50 CHAPTER III. THE CRUSADES AND LAND TRAVEL (CIRCA 1100-1300) 76 CHAPTER IV. MARITIME EXPLORATION (CIRCA 1250-1410) 106 CHAPTER V. GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE IN CHRISTENDOM FROM THE FIRST CRUSADES (CIRCA 1100-1460) 114 CHAPTER VI. PORTUGAL TO 1400 (1095-1400) 123 CHAPTER VII. HENRY'S POSITION AND DESIGNS AT THE TIME OF THE FIRST VOYAGES, 1410-15 138 CHAPTER VIII. PRINCE HENRY AND THE CAPTURE OF CEUTA (1415) 147 CHAPTER IX. HENRY'S SETTLEMENT AT SAGRES AND FIRST DISCOVERIES (1418-28) 160 CHAPTER X. CAPE BOJADOR AND THE AZORES (1428-41) 168 CHAPTER XI. HENRY'S POLITICAL LIFE (1433-41) 179 CHAPTER XII. FROM BOJADOR TO CAPE VERDE (1441-5) 192 CHAPTER XIII. THE ARMADA OF 1445 228 CHAPTER XIV. VOYAGES OF 1446-8 240 CHAPTER XV. THE AZORES (1431-60) 250 CHAPTER XVI. THE TROUBLES OF THE REGENCY AND THE FALL OF DON PEDRO (1440-9) 257 CHAPTER XVII. CADAMOSTO (1455-6) 261 CHAPTER XVIII. VOYAGES OF DIEGO GOMEZ (1458-60) 289 CHAPTER XIX. HENRY'S LAST YEARS AND DEATH (1458-60) 299 CHAPTER XX. THE RESULTS OF PRINCE HENRY'S WORK 308 INDEX 325 ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE MAIN GATE OF THE MONASTERY CHURCH AT BELEM, _Frontispiece_ Built on the site of an old sailor's chapel, existing in Prince Henry's day, and used by his men. In the niche between the two great entrance doors, is a statue of Prince Henry in armour. THE MONASTERY CHURCH AT BATALHA[1] 132 West front of church in which Prince Henry and his House lie buried. This church was founded by the Prince's father, King John, in memory of his victory over Castille at Aljubarrota. BATALHA CHURCH--PORTUGAL'S WESTMINSTER[1] 136 The aisle containing the tombs of Prince Henry and his brothers, the Infants of the House of Aviz. EFFIGIES OF KING JOHN THE GREAT AND QUEEN PHILIPPA 148 Henry's father and mother, from their tomb in the Abbey of Batalha. GATEWAY OF THE CHURCH AT THOMAR 154 The Mother Church of the Order of Christ, of which Henry was Grand-Master. HENRY IN MORNING DRESS[2] 258 The original forms the frontispiece to the Paris MS. of Azurara's _Discovery and Conquest of Guinea_. COIMBRA UNIVERSITY 298 THE RECUMBENT STATUE OF PRINCE HENRY 306 From his tomb in Batalha Church; with his escutcheons (1) as titular King of Cyprus; (2) as Knight of the Garter of England; (3) as Grand Master of the Order of Christ. ALLEGORICAL PIECE[3] 310 Supposed to represent Columbus, as St. Christopher, carrying across the ocean the Christian faith, in the form of the infant Christ. From the map of Juan de la Cosa, 1500. VASCO DA GAMA[4] 314 From a portrait in the possession of the Count of Lavradio. AFFONSO D'ALBUQUERQUE[5] 318 [Footnote 1: From a water-colour.] [Footnote 2: From Major's _Life of Henry the Navigator_.] [Footnote 3: From the Hakluyt Society's _Select Letters of Columbus_.] [Footnote 4: From the Hakluyt Society's edition of _Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama_.] [Footnote 5: From the Hakluyt Society's edition of Albuquerque's _Commentaries_.]LIST OF MAPS.[6] PAGE THE WORLD ACCORDING TO PTOLEMY 2 From Nordenskj ld's fac-simile atlas � THE WORLD ACCORDING TO EDRISI. _c._ 1150 24 As reconstructed by M. Reinaud from the written descriptions of the Arabic geographer. This illustrates the extremely unreal and untrue conception of the earth among Moslem students, especially those who followed the theories of Ptolomy--_e.g._, in the extension to Africa eastward, so as practically or actually to join China, making the Indian Ocean an inland sea. THE MAPPE-MONDE OF ST. SEVER 48 (B. Mus., Map room, shelf 35 [5], sheet 6). Of uncertain date, between _c._ 780-980 but probably not later than the 10th century. One of the earliest examples of Christian map-making. THE ANGLO-SAXON MAP 54 (B. Mus., Cotton mss., Tib. B.V., fol. 59). This gives us the most interesting and accurate view of the world that we get in the pre-Crusading Christian science. The square, but not conventional outline is detailed with considerable care and precision. The writing, though minute, is legible; but the Nile, which, like the Red Sea in Africa, is coloured _red_, in contrast to the ordinary _grey_ of water in this example, is made to wander about Africa from side to side, with occasional disappearances, in a thoroughly mythical fashion. This map, from a ms.