Assessment of the estuarine waters of the State of Paraná (Southern Brazil) [Elektronische Ressource] : descriptive approach, trophic status and monitoring techniques / submitted by Byanka Damian Mizerkowski

Byanka

Sujets

• Naturwissenschaften

Informations

• Publié par: christian-albrechts-universitat_zu_kiel
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 12
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 9 Mo

Extrait

ASSESSMENT OF THE ESTUARINE WATERS OF THE STATE OF
PARANÁ (SOUTHERN BRAZIL):
DESCRIPTIVE APPROACH, TROPHIC STATUS AND MONITORING
TECHNIQUES








Dissertation
in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree “Dr. rer. nat.”
of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
at Kiel University

submitted by






BYANKA DAMIAN MIZERKOWSKI













Kiel, 2011



Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Franciscus Colijn
Prof. Dr. Arne Körtzinger


thDefence of doctoral dissertation: 9 June 2011
thApproved for publication: 14 June 2011

gez. Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Lutz Kipp, Dekan

Index

III List of Figures
VI List of Tables
IX Summary
XII Zusammenfassung
Chapter I - Introduction 1
Introduction 2
General Settings and Pollution Problems 4
Motivation 9
References 12
Chapter II – Sources, loads and dispersion of inorganic nutrients in Paranaguá 15
Bay
Abstract 16
Introduction 17
Material and Methods 18
Results 22
Discussion 37
Acknowledgments 39
References 39
Chapter III - Environmental Water Quality Assessment in Guaratuba Bay, State of 42
Paraná
Abstract (Resumo) 43
Introduction 44
Material and Methods 45
Results 47
Discussion 56
Acknowledgments 58
References 58
Chapter IV – Evaluation of the trophic status in estuarine systems of Southern 61
Brazil
Abstract 62
Introduction 63
Material and Methods 65
Results 76
Discussion 92
Acknowledgments 95 References 95
Chapter V - FerryBox Continuous Water Quality Monitoring in Paranaguá Bay 100
Abstract 101
Introduction 101
Material and Methods 103
Results 108
Discussion 129
Acknowledgments 130
References 131
Chapter VI - The pocketFerryBox - A New Portable Device for Water Quality 134
Monitoring in Oceans and Rivers
Synopsis 135
Introduction 135
Technical Setup of the ‘4H FerryBox’ 137
Technical Setup of the ‘pocket FerryBox’ 138
Application of the ‘pocket FerryBox’ within a project on Brazil 140
Results and Discussion 141
Conclusions 148
References 148
Chapter VII – General Discussion and Conclusions 150
General Discussion and Conclusions 151
References 155
Appendix A – Erklärung 157
Appendix B – Curriculum Vitae 158

II
List of Figures

Chapter I
Figure 1: The State of Paraná coast and estuarine systems (Paranaguá Estuarine Complex 3
and Guaratuba Bay).
Figure 2: The Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, composed of the Laranjeiras and Paranaguá 5
bays, and the delimitation of the catchment areas. Main cities are indicated by arrows.
Paranaguá City and Harbour are zoomed in showing the main waste water discharge
sites.
Figure 3: The estuary of Guaratuba Bay and main cities. 8

Chapter II
Figure 1: The Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC) includes Laranjeiras Bay (North-South 19
axis) and Paranaguá Bay (East-West axis). Paranaguá Bay is divided into an upper
(U), middle (M) and lower (L) section; catchment areas are indicated in dark grey and
main rivers by arrows; Zoomed sections right: Locations of sampling stations on the
Longitudinal Transect along the main navigation channel of the bay and sites of
rainfall sampling; and left: sampling stations around the harbour and city of Paranaguá
including the location of the sewage channels and treatment plant.
Figure 2: Box plots with mean values, standard deviation (box) and the range (spreads) of (a) 23
salinity and (b) temperature for bottom and surface layers in the three sections of
Paranaguá Bay during dry and rainy periods.
Figure 3: Interpolated vertical temperature and salinity profiles from CTD measurements on a 24
longitudinal transect through the bay of Paranaguá in (a, b) September 2007 (dry
season) during flood phase and in (c, d) February 2008 (rainy season) during ebb
phase.
Figure 4: (a) Average discharge, nutrient concentrations and (b) loads of the main rivers 25
entering Paranaguá Bay.
Figure 5: Total river discharge to Paranaguá Bay and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and 26
phosphorus (DIP) loads during rainy and dry seasons.
Figure 6: (a) Daily atmospheric wet deposition during rainy and dry seasons and (b) total 28
annual atmospheric wet deposition of dissolved inorganic nitrogen compounds and
dissolved inorganic phosphate.
Figure 7: Daily nutrient loads and discharge of the main sewage channels of Paranaguá for 29
February and September 2008.
Figure 8: Average dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and dissolved 32
inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations of bottom and surface waters of the inner,
middle and lower sections of Paranaguá Bay during dry and rainy seasons.
Figure 9: (a) DIN and (b) DIP concentrations [µM] in the vicinity of the city and harbour of 34
Paranaguá in February 2008.
Figure 10: Box-plot of average (a) chlorophyll-a concentration and (b) turbidity: Standard 35
deviation (box) and range (maxima and minima in spreads) in the upper, middle and
lower sections of Paranaguá Bay in the dry and rainy seasons.
Figure 11: Average chlorophyll-a concentrations and molar ratio of DIN:DIP along a 36
longitudinal transect through Paranaguá Bay during dry and rainy seasons.

Chapter III
Figure 1: Coast of Paraná State and its two estuarine systems: Paranaguá Estuarine Complex 45
(north) and Guaratuba Bay (south); sampling stations, salinity zones (IS: inner
III
section; MS: middle section, LS: lower section) and main features of Guaratuba Bay
are highlighted.
Figure 2: Accumulated rain in 7 days before sampling campaigns. 47
Figure 3: (a) Salinity and (b) water temperature measurements during the rainy and dry 49
seasons for the three compartments (LS, MS and IS) and water layers (bottom and
surface) of Guaratuba Bay (average and standard deviation).
Figure 4: (a) Dissolved inorganic nitrogen - DIN; (b) nitrate; (c) ammonium; (d) nitrite; (e) 50
dissolved inorganic phosphorus - DIP concentrations, (f) molar ratio DIN:DIP and (g)
silicate concentrations during the rainy and dry seasons for the three compartments
(LS, MS and IS) and water layers (bottom and surface) of Guaratuba Bay (average
and standard deviation).
Figure 5: (a) pH, (b) CO saturation, (c) dissolved oxygen, (d) chlorophyll concentration, (e) 52 2
Secchi depths and (f) suspended particulate matter – SPM during the rainy and dry
seasons for the three compartments (LS, MS and IS) and water layers (bottom and
surface) of Guaratuba Bay (average and standard deviation).

Chapter IV
Figure 1: The State of Paraná coast showing the detailed maps of Paranaguá and Guaratuba 65
bays with the applied sampling strategy.
Figure 2: The tidal salinity zones of Paranaguá and Guaratuba bays, average salinity and the 77
2areas of the zones (km ).
Figure 3: TRIX values for surface and bottom layers during the rainy and dry seasons along 88
the Paranaguá Bay.
Figure 4: Average logarithms of the oxygen deviation from 100% of saturation (aD%O), 88
chlorophyll-a (Chla), DIN and DIP concentrations and TRIX values of surface and
bottom layers during the rainy and dry seasons along Paranaguá Bay.
Figure 5: TRIX values for surface and bottom layers during the rainy and dry seasons along 90
the Guaratuba Bay.
Figure 6: Average logarithms of the oxygen deviation from 100% of saturation (aD%O), 91
chlorophyll-a (Chla), DIN and DIP concentrations and TRIX values of surface and
bottom layers during the rainy and dry seasons along Guaratuba Bay.

Chapter V
Figure 1: The Paranaguá Estuarine Complex in the Southern Brazil. The location of the 104
Stationary FerryBox, the station for precipitation measurements, Cachoeira and
Guaraguaçú rivers are pointed by arrows. The measurements performed with the
Pocket FerryBox are shown in dashed lines.
Figure 2: Scheme of the stationary FerryBox from Paranaguá Bay. 106
Figure 3: Monthly accumulated precipitation at Paranaguá City and monthly average 110
discharge for Cachoeira and Guaraguaçú rivers from September 2007 to June 2010.
Number of daily measurements and correlation coefficients between rain and
discharge presented in the table.
Figure 4: Continuous surface measurements of temperature, salinity, pH and CDOM along the 112
longitudinal transect of Paranaguá Bay during the dry (September 2008) and rainy
(January 2009) seasons. Mean and correlation coefficient with salinity are presented
in the boxes (all correlations significant with p<0.05, n-September 2008= 867 and n-
January 2009= 670).
Figure 5: Continuous surface measurements of oxygen saturation, chlorophyll-a fluorescence 113
and turbidity along the longitudinal transect of Paranaguá Bay du