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Publié par | friedrich-alexander-universitat_erlangen-nurnberg |
Publié le | 01 janvier 2010 |
Nombre de lectures | 44 |
Poids de l'ouvrage | 18 Mo |
Extrait
Dimension Stones of the Historical City Wall
of Cluj‐Napoca, Romania.
Construction, Weathering, Damages.
Bausteine der historischen Stadtmauer
von Cluj‐Napoca, Rumänien.
Konstruktion, Verwitterung, Schäden.
Der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten
der Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg
zur
Erlangung des Doktorgrades
vorgelegt von
Dipl.Ing.Mgeol. Calin Paul Racataianu
aus Cluj‐Napoca, Romania
Als Dissertation genehmigt von den
Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29.07.2010
Vorsitzender der Promotionkommission: Prof. Dr. Eberhard Bänsch
Ers tberi chters ta tter: Prof. Dr. Roman Koch
Zweitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Rohn
This thesis is dedicated to my wife Table of contents
Acknowledgments ………….……...……………………….………………………………………………………..… i
Zusammenfassung …………….…………………………….………………………………………………………..… iii
Summary ………………………………………………………… vi
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 1
Chapter I – Classification ……………..…….. 6
1.1 General remarks on classifications of rocks …………………….………...………………………….. 6
1.1.1. Sedimentary rocks ……………………………………………………………………..………………… 6
1.3. Rock Types ……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 11
1.3.1. Sedimentary rocks (limestones) …………………………………………..………………………. 11
1.4. Petrophysical and technical data ……………………………………………………..…………………… 14
1.5. Decaying of natural stones ……………………………………………………………………………………. 14
1.5.1. Parameters responsible for the decay of rocks …………………………………………….. 16
1.5.2. Specific weathering processes ……………………….…………………………………………….. 18
1.5.2.1. Bacterial weathering ………………………………………….….………..………………….. 18
1.5.2.2. Crusts ……………………..………………………………………….….……..…………………….. 22
1.5.2.3. Diagnosis.……………….. 23
Chapter II ‐ History of the Old City Defence Wall …………………………………..…………………… 28
2.1. Short history of Cluj‐Napoca (from 101 AD to 17th century) ………….…………………….. 28
2.2. The Cluj Fortress ‐ Three Phases …………………………………………………………………….…….. 29
2.2.1. Napoca, the Roman Fortress ……………………………………………………………………….. 29
2.2.2. The Medieval Town ……………………………………………………………………………………… 30
2.2.2.1 The first medieval fortress (9th‐10th c.) ……………………………………………….. 30
2.2.2.2 The late medieval (15th‐16th c.) ………………………………………………. 31
Chapter III ‐ Methods (Classical and new developed techniques) ………………………………. 36
3.1. Mapping ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
3.1.1. The mapping model ……………………………………………………………………………………… 36
3.1.2. Photogrammetry ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
3.1.3. Mapping models used in the study …………………………………………………………..….. 39
3.1.4. Correlation …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42
3.2. New Damage Mapping System ……………………………………………………………………………… 44
3.3. Thin sections …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 52
3.4. Pictures ………………………………………………………………………… 56
3.5. CaCO content measuring ……………………………………………………………………………………… 56 3
3.6. XRD methods used ……………………………………………………… 57 3.7. Salt analyses …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 59
3.8. E‐Module (sound velocity measurements) ………………………………………………………….… 59
3.8.1. E‐Modulus measurements ……………………………………………………………………………. 59
3.8.1.1. Young's modulus ……………………………………………………………………………….…. 59
3.8.1.2. E‐modulus in mortars’ study ………………………………………………………………… 61
3.8.2. Sound velocity measurements ……………………………………………………………………… 63
Chapter IV ‐ Geology and study area ……………………………………………..…………………………… 65
4.1. Overview of the Geology of Romania ……………………………………………………………………. 65
4.1.1. The Pre‐Carpathian Units …………………………………………………………………………….. 65
4.1.2. The Carpathian Units ……………………………………………………………………………………. 65
4.1.3. The internal depressions and their related areas …………………………………………. 66
4.2. Cluj Limestone ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67
4.2.1. The Baci Quarry ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 71
4.2.2.1. Mineralogy ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
4.2.2.2. Microfacies analyses ……………………………………………………………………………. 74
Chapter V ‐ Weather and pollution …………………………………………………………………………….. 86
5.1. Climate …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86
5.2. Temperature ……………………………………………………………………………………….….……………. 86
5.3. Rainfall ……………………….……………… 87
5.4. Winds ………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..…… 87
5.5. Hours of Sunshine ………………………………………………………………………………….………..…… 87
5.6. Air Pollution …………………………………………………………………………………..………………..…… 87
5.6.1. Acid gas emissions ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
5.6.1.1. Sulphur dioxide (SO ) …………………………………………………………………………… 90 2
5.6.1.2. Nitric oxides (NO ) …………………………..…………………………………………………… 91 x
5.6.1.3. Ammonia (alkaline air) …………………………..……………………………………………. 93
5.6.2. Heavy metals emissions ………………………………………………………………………………. 94
5.6.3. Particles in suspension (dust, ashes) ……………………………………………………………. 96
Chapter VI ‐ Characteristics, mapping, analyses …………………………………………………………. 97
6.1. Location no. 1 – Samuil Micu Street ……………………………………………………………………… 97
6.1.1. Anamnesis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 97
6.1.2. Mapping …………………………………………………………………………………………………..….. 98
6.1.3. Discussion of the analyses registered by the new data base model ……..………. 100
6.1.4. Microfacies analyses …………………………………………………………………………….....….. 102
6.1.5. Weathering features ………………………………………………………………………………….…. 104
6.2. Location no. 2 – Potaissa Street …………………………………………………………………………….. 125 6.2.1. Anamnesis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 125
6.2.2. Mapping …………………………………………………………………………………………………..….. 126
6.2.3. Discussion of the analyses registered by the new data base model ……..………. 127
6.2.4. Microfacies analyse