Epitaxial Nd-Fe-B films [Elektronische Ressource] : growth, texture, magnetism and the influence of mechanical elongation / von Ah-Ram Kwon

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Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_dresden
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

Epitaxial Nd-Fe-B films:
Growth, texture, magnetism
and the influence of mechanical elongation

Von der Fakultät Maschinenwesen
der
Technischen Universität Dresden
zur
Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.)
angenommene Dissertation
von

M.Sc. Ah-Ram Kwon
Geboren am 06. 10. 1977 in Seoul


2009







Tag der Einreichung: 14.10.2008
Tag der verteidigung : 17.04.2009
1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. L. Schultz (TU Dresden und IFW Dresden)
2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. D. Meyer (TU Dresden)
3. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. J. Fidler (TU Wien)









Abstract
The work in this thesis focuses on the preparation of epitaxial Nd-Fe-B thin films using pulsed
laser deposition for good hard magnetic properties. They are suitable for a basic understanding
of the intrinsic magnetic properties. Compositional control was necessary to achieve phase
formation with improved magnetic properties. Nd-Fe-B samples were prepared on single
crystal MgO (001) substrates with different buffer layers in order to obtain good textures with
different surface morphology.
The smooth and continuous epitaxial films were suitable for performing magnetization
measurements under stress. Although the magnetostriction is easily neglected in the Nd Fe B 2 14
compound, distinguishable inverse magnetostriction was observed by conventional tensile
elongation with a flexible substrate. As a result, anisotropic strain in the film, which breaks the
in-plane symmetry, affected the opening angle during the spin reorientation. Therefore an
elliptical distortion of the in-plane anisotropy below the spin reorientation temperature of
Nd Fe B was obtained, whereas the transition temperature itself was not influenced 2 14
significantly.
Kurzfassung
Diese Arbeit behandelt die Herstellung dünner epitaktischer Nd-Fe-B-Schichten mit gepulster
Laserdeposition mit dem Ziel, gute hartmagnetische Eigenschaften zu erreichen. Diese
Schichten sind außerdem für das Verständnis grundlegender magnetischer Eigenschaften
geeignet. Die Kontrolle der Zusammensetzung ist notwendig, um die Phasenbildung und
optimale hartmagnetische Eigenschaften zu erreichen. Nd-Fe-B-Schichten wurden auf
einkristallinen MgO (001)-Substraten mit verschiedenen Buffern deponiert, um
unterschiedliche Texturen und Oberflächenmorphologien einzustellen.
Die glatten kontinuierlichen epitaktischen Schichten ermöglichen die Messung der
Magnetisierung bei gleichzeitig angelegter mechanischer Spannung. Obwohl die
Magnetostriktion bei Nd-Fe-B im Allgemeinen vernachlässigt werden kann, konnte an Nd-Fe-
B-Schichten nach dem Aufbringen einer Dehnung auf ein flexibles Substrat eine deutliche
inverse Magnetostriktion induziert werden. Die anisotrope Dehnung in der Schicht, die die
Symmetrie in der Schichtebene bricht, beeinflusst die Öffnungswinkel bei der
Spinreorientierung. Damit wurde unterhalb der Spinreorientierungstemperatur eine elliptische
Verzerrung der Anisotropie in der Schichtebene erreicht, die Übergangstemperatur selbst
änderte sich dagegen nicht signifikant.


Table of content

1 . Introduction ..................................................................................................................1
2 . Fundamentals................................................................................................................5
2.1 The Nd-Fe-B alloy system ......................................................................................5
2.1.1 Crystallographic structure.................................................................................5
2.1.2 Phase diagram of Nd-Fe-B ...............................................................................7
2.1.3 Magnetic anisotropy .........................................................................................9
2.2 Thin film growth ...................................................................................................16
2.2.1 Epitaxial growth..............................................................................................16
2.2.2 Review: Nd-Fe-B thin film growth.................................................................19
2.3 Mechanical stress and strain relationships............................................................21
3 . Film preparation and characterization techniques.................................................25
3.1 Pulsed laser deposition..........................................................................................25
3.2 X-ray diffraction ...................................................................................................28
3.2.1 Bragg-Brentano geometry...............................................................................28
3.2.2 Pole figure measurement ................................................................................29
3.3 Surface morphology..............................................................................................31
3.3.1 Scanning electron microscopy........................................................................31
3.3.2 Atomic force microscopy32
3.4 Composition analysis ............................................................................................33
3.5 Magnetic measurements........................................................................................34
3.6 Magnetic force microscopy...................................................................................34



4 . Nd-Fe-B films deposited on different buffers ..........................................................37
4.1 Growth and texture................................................................................................37
4.2 Surface morphology..............................................................................................41
4.3 Magnetic properties...............................................................................................43
4.4 Summary and discussion.......................................................................................48
5 . Nd-Fe-B films with varying composition..................................................................51
5.1 Influence of the Nd/Fe ratio..................................................................................52
5.2 Influence of the Fe/B ratio ....................................................................................57
5.3 Summary and discussion.......................................................................................60
6 . The Influence of mechanical strain on the intrinsic magnetic properties.............63
6.1 Film growth on IBAD MgO: the unstrained reference state.................................64
6.2 Mechanical straining of films on IBAD MgO ......................................................67
6.3 Deformation and magnetic properties after 2% strain ..........................................68
6.4 Nd-Fe-B films in various strain states...................................................................77
6.5 Summary and discussion.......................................................................................81
7 . Summary and conclusions ........................................................................................83
References ........................................................................................................................87
Publication list .................................................................................................................97
Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................99



1 . Introduction

Magnetic materials are classified into 3 groups by their magnetic coercivity: soft, semi-hard
and hard magnetic materials [Coe96]. Soft magnetic materials are used mainly in the magnetic
core of transformers, motors, inductors and generators. These have low coercivity (less than 1
mT) and no magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Therefore, almost as soon as the direction of the
applied field is reversed, their magnetization direction is also reversed. Semi-hard magnetic
materials include all alloys whose coercivity is between that of soft magnetic and hard
magnetic materials. These alloys are ideal for applications such as data storage devices which
require permanent magnets in the form of strips, rods and wires or those for the production of
stamped, stamped-bent and machined parts. Hard magnetic materials, so called permanent
magnets, have a wide range of applications from toys and refrigerator magnets to mass
produced electrical goods, e.g. loudspeakers, microphones, etc., and high-tech devices such as
hard disk drives, data storage, and medical applications.
Key requirements for permanent magnets are a high remanence, a high coercivity and a nearly
rectangular hysteresis loop. Thus, their magnetization remains before they are exposed to
strong external fields up to the large reverse field. These properties define the energy product
(BH) [Sko99] - the ability of the magnet to store magnetostatic energy. Some intrinsic max
properties of hard magnetic mate