Essays on banking for micro and small enterprises [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Jan Schrader

Informations

• Publié par: ruprecht-karls-universitat_heidelberg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• Langue: English

Extrait

Essays on Banking for Micro and
Small Enterprises
INAUGURAL DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER WURDE
EINES DOKTORS DER WIRTSCHAFTSWISSENSCHAFTEN DER
FAKULTAT FUER WIRTSCHAFTS- UND SOZIALWISSENSCHAFTEN
DER UNIVERSITAT HEIDELBERG
VORGELEGT VON
JAN SCHRADER
GEBOREN IN LICH
HEIDELBERG DEZEMBER 2009To
my wife
and
my parentsAcknowledgments
My teachers, colleagues and friends have contributed a great deal to this
thesis. In particular, I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Eva Ter-
berger for her invaluable guidance, advice and support. She introduced me
into the research eld of Banking and Finance and shaped my scienti c in-
terests. Many thanks go also to Professor Andreas Roider for co-advising on
this work and for giving me many valuable suggestions. Furthermore, work-
ing at the chairs of Professor Eva Terberger and Professor Andreas Roider
was very stimulating and has broadened my horizon considerably.
Moreover, special thanks go to my co-author Gunhild Berg for working
together on our projects and for many good discussions and suggestions.
Special thanks go also to my colleagues and friends from the Alfred-Weber-
Institute in Heidelberg, where I worked while writing this thesis, for the
nice and friendly atmosphere in the department. In particular, I would like
to mention Karolin Kirschenmann, Bernhard Pachl, Andrea Leuermann and
Philipp V olk for their helpful comments and all the fruitful discussions. Fur-
ther thanks go to Freya Schadt and Gabi Rauscher.
Ganz besonders m ochte ich auch meinen Eltern danken. Ohne ihren st andi-
gen Ruc khalt und das Vertrauen in meine St arken w are das Studium und die
anschlie ende Promotion nicht m oglich gewesen.
And at least, but not last, I would like to thank my wife, Veronica, for
her endurance, support and love.
Jan Schrader
iiContents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Financial Systems and Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE) . . 1
1.2 Aggregate Economic Shocks and Relationship Lending . . . . 2
1.3 The Competition between Relationship Lending and Transac-
tion Lending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Institutions in the Path of Development: Credit Cooperatives
and the Incentive E ect of Reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Microcredit, Natural Disasters, and Relationship Lending 5
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Income Shocks and Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Description of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 Econometric Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6 Estimation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3 Relationship Lending in Times of Crises: What About De-
fault and Interest Rates? 33
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3 Description of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.4 Econometric Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5 Estimation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4 The Competition between Relationship - Based Micro nance
and Transaction Lending 55
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 Relationship and Transaction Lending . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3 Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.4 Description of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
iii4.5 Econometric Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.6 Estimation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5 Institutions in the Path of Development: Cooperatives and
the Incentive E ects of Retained Earnings 80
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.2 Literature Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3 Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.4 Description of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.5 Empirical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.6 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6 Appendix 119
6.1 Microcredit, Natural Disasters, and Relationship Lending . . . 119
6.2 Cooperatives and the Incentive E ects of Retained Earnings . 120
ivList of Tables
1 Summary Statistics of Credit Applicants I . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 Financial Information (Averages) I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 Time Series Regressions for Monthly Credit . . . . . . . . . . 24
4 Time Series for Monthly Credit . . . . . . . . . . 25
5 Probit Regressions for Credit Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6 LPM for Credit Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7 Summary Statistics of Credit Approvals II . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8 Financial Information (Averages) II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
9 LPM Regressions for Default . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
10 OLS of the Interest Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
11 Relationship vs. Transaction Lending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
12 Classi cation of Private Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
13 Customer Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
14 Order of Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
15 Other Loans and Delinquency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
16 Determinants of Loan at a Transaction Bank . . . . . . . . . . 76
17 Order of Default . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
18 Special Summary Statistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
19 Percentiles of Share of Reserves in Total Equity . . . . . . . . 96
20 Undistributed Pro ts and Administration Costs . . . . . . . . 101
21 Variance of Pro ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
22 Undistributed Pro ts and Return on Equity . . . . . . . . . . 103
vList of Figures
1 Loan Applications and Approvals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Seismic Activity and Explosions of Tungurahua . . . . . . . . 21
3 Default Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4 Explosions of Tungurahua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5 Multiple Loans and Delinquency Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6 RoE and Dividends over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7 Share of in Total Pro ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
vi1 Introduction
1.1 Financial Systems and Micro and Small Enterprises
(MSE)
1The nancial system is one of the key stones explaining economic growth.
Financial institutions produce information about the quality of investment
projects and therefore assure that capital is directed towards the projects
with the highest return. This role also mitigates the in uence of an unequal
distribution of wealth on investment decisions. Since individuals with valu-
able projects always get nance in a well functioning nancial system, a low
initial endowment of capital will not impede the implementation of invest-
ment projects. This role is not only restricted to the selection of projects, but
includes also the monitoring of entrepreneurs and rms during the investment
period. Furthermore, nancial institutions facilitate the management of risk
in an economy. Both banks and nancial markets provide risk diversi cation
services - cross-sectional as well as intertemporal. The possibility of cross
sectional risk diversi cation will shift the portfolio of risk-averse investors to-
wards projects with higher individual risks and also higher expected returns.
Intertemporal risk diversi cation induces the possibility for entrepreneurs of
investing in long term projects and impedes the termination of projects due
to a negative economic shock. Finally, a nancial system pools small savings
and investment and thereby makes it possible to execute large scale projects.
These theoretical results on the macro level are con rmed by various empir-
ical cross-country studies conducted in the last decade.
On the micro level, however, it is less clear which institutional structure
of the nancial system ful lls its role best at di erent stages of development.
In developing countries with a weak rule of law there is a high share of micro
and small enterprises (MSE) where information about potential borrowers
is scarce. Various authors propose to focus on a relationship based banking
system in this countries, because it relies less on a strong rule of law and
a wide range of public information about rms than market based systems
1See Levine (2004) for a survey of the empirical and theoretical literature.
1(Rajan & Zingales 1998, Tadesse 2002). By engaging in a long term rela-
tionship with the client, a relationship lender is able to gather information
about the client and will be willing to support the client in times of eco-
nomic crisis, because he is able to o set potential losses in one period at