Essays on child labour, its relation with competitiveness of labour intensive exports, its determinants and education in India [Elektronische Ressource] / von Subhashini Subbaraman

Subhashini Subbaraman

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• Publié par: humboldt-universitat_zu_berlin
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 23
• Langue: English

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Essays on Child Labour, its Relation with Competitiveness of Labour
Intensive Exports, its Determinants and Education in India


Dissertation

zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
doctor rerum agriculturarum
(Dr. rer. agr.)

eingereicht an der
Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerischen Fakultät
der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

von
M.Sc (Agriculture) Subhashini Subbaraman
Geboren am 15.10.1976 in Nagapattinam, Indien.

Präsident
der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Prof. Dr.Dr.h.c. Christoph Markschies

Dekan der
Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerischen Fakultät
Prof. Dr.Dr.h.c. Otto Kaufmann


Gutachter:
1. Prof. Dr.Dr.h.c. Harald von Witzke
2. Prof. Dr.Dr.h.c. Dieter Kirschke

Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.02.08
Acknowledgment
This PhD dissertation would not have been possible without the help and support of
many. I take this opportunity to thank them all. Foremostly I express my sincere and
heartfelt thanks to Prof. Dr. Harald von Witzke for providing me an opportunity to
conduct my doctoral research in this esteemed Institution under his guidance. I would
like to place on record, my sincere thanks for his arduous interest, constant
encouragement and guidance throughout the course of work.
I convey my thanks to Prof. Dr. Dieter Kirschke for his support during the course of
the work and for agreeing to be a reviewer of this dissertation.
Appreciation and thanks are due to Prof. Dr. Kurt Johannes Peters, Head of the
Examination Committee and to other Examination Committee members, Prof. Dr.
Wolfgang Bokelman, Prof. Dr. Tilman Brueck, PD. Dr. Harald Grethe, Dr. Ramesh
Chennamameni and Dr. Nana Kunkel for their acceptance to be in the review
committee.
This study was made possible only with the financial support from two institutions.
Special thanks and gratitude are due to them; Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, which
supported through a PhD scholarship for 7 months and NaFöG Commission, which
supported the study for 3 years. NaFöG Commission also supported travel to
International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference in Brisbane in
August 2006 and other expenses for the conference were borne by the American
Association of Agricultural Economists, which is kindly remembered here.
During the course of work, comments on the analytical part made by Dr. Harald
Grethe, Prof. Dr. Tilman Brueck and Dr. Nana Kunkel greatly shaped the course this
work and thanks unto them. I would like to thank Dr. Grethe for his comments on the
written manuscript as well.
I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to all my colleagues Andreanne,
Marco, Stephan N, Stephan W, Tine and Uli for their encouragement and support and
for making my tenure here in the institute a memorable one. Their participation in and
comments on the presentations made by me in the research seminars in the Institute
were of great help for this work.
Special thanks are due to my dear friends Nagendra, Barbara and Gregor for making
me feel at home and for always being there whenever I needed them.
ii No words seem to be strong enough to thank Krishna and my family, who had been
my source of strength. But for their love and encouragement I would be nothing. I
acknowledge them with all the love in this world.
Last but not the least; I wholeheartedly thank all my teachers right from my primary
school to university, who led me to this point.


iii
Abstract.......................................................................................................................vii
List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... viii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................x
List of Figures..............................................................................................................xi
Introduction on Child Labour ....................................................................................1
1.1 Core Labour Standards ........................................................................................1
1.2 Child Labour ........................................................................................................3
1.2.1 Current Trends in Child Labour....................................................................3
1.2.2 Definition of Child Labour ...........................................................................5
1.2.3 Efforts of International Organisations ..........................................................6
1.3 Child Labour in India...........................................................................................7
1.3.1 Bonded Child Labour....................................................................................9
1.3.2 Efforts against Child Labour in India .........................................................10
1.4 Causes and Consequences of Child Labour.......................................................13
1.5 References..........................................................................................................18

Core Labour Standards and the Performance of Labour Intensive Exports ......21
2.1 Core Labour Standards and Trade .....................................................................21
2.1.1 History - Trade and Labour Standards............................................................22
2.2 Theoretical Discourses on Labour Standards and Trade ...................................25
2.2.1 Arguments calling for Labour Standards through Trade Measures............25
2.2.2 Arguments against Implementation of Labour Standards through Trade...26
2.3 Studies on Labour Standards and Trade Performance.......................................31
2.4 Materials and Methods.......................................................................................32
2.5 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................34
2.6 Summary............................................................................................................42
2.7 References..........................................................................................................43
2.8 Appendix45
2.8.1 SITC.2 Codes of the Labour Intensive Goods selected for the Study ........45
2.8.2 All Selected Nations ...................................................................................45
2.8.3 Selected Low and Middle Income Nations.................................................46
2.8.4 Selected Developing Nations......................................................................46
iv

Determinants of Children Out of School .................................................................47
3.1 Previous Studies.................................................................................................47
3.1.1 Role of Economic Growth ..........................................................................52
3.2 Methodology......................................................................................................55
3.3 Data and Variables.............................................................................................56
3.3.1 Data.............................................................................................................56
3.3.2 Variables .....................................................................................................57
3.4 Summary Statistics.............................................................................................58
3.5 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................63
3.6 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................69
3.7 References..........................................................................................................69

Returns to Education in India ..................................................................................72
4.1 Education in India..............................................................................................73
4.2 Previous Empirical Studies79
4.3 Mincerian Earnings Function.............................................................................80
4.4 Data and Variables Included..............................................................................82
4.4.1 Sample Selection Bias.................................................................................84
4.5 Summary Statistics.............................................................................................85
4.6 Regression Results.............................................................................................87
4.7 Rates of Return ..................................................................................................94
4.8 Summary and Conclusion..................................................................................97
4.9 References........................................................................................................100
4.10 Appendix103

Cost - B