Forest policy enforcement at the Amazon frontier [Elektronische Ressource] : the case of Mato Grosso, Brazil / vorgelegt von Sheila Avelina Wertz-Kanounnikoff

Avelina

Informations

• Publié par: ruprecht-karls-universitat_heidelberg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2005
• Nombre de lectures: 16
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

Forest policy enforcement at the Amazon frontier:
the case of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Würde
eines Doctor rerum politicarum
an der Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften
der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg


vorgelegt von
Sheila Avelina Wertz-Kanounnikoff
im Januar 2005 Acknowledgements

This dissertation would not have been accomplished without the encouragement, advice and
assistance by a number of people. In particular, I thank my advisor Prof. Dr. Dieter Anhuf,
now at the University of Passau, for his continuous academic support, which was even more
beneficial due to his familiarity with the local context as visiting professor at the University
of São Paulo (2001-2003). My deep thanks go also to Prof. Peter H. May Ph.D., Director of
the Graduate Program “Development, Agriculture and Society” at the Federal Rural
University of Rio de Janeiro, for his countless suggestions, his encouragement to conduct my
doctoral research in Mato Grosso, and for orienting my fieldwork in Mato Grosso. I am
further greatly indebted to Kenneth M. Chomitz Ph.D., Lead Economist at the World Bank,
for the opportunity to realize the quantitative-statistical part of this dissertation within a
World Bank research project, for the many discussions, and for proof-reading my
dissertation. I also thank Prof. Dr. Hartmut Sangmeister from the University of Heidelberg
for his readiness to assume the responsibility as co-advisor for my thesis.
My thanks include further all the individuals who supported my fieldwork in Brazil and from
whom I learned much about the complexities of Amazon land use dynamics and the
challenges in local environmental policy-making. Among these are Prof. Dr. João Barrozo
from the Federal University of Mato Grosso, Dona Maria Benitez and Prof. Dr. Bernd
Fichtner from the University of Siegen, Rodrigo Justus from the State Environmental
Agency (FEMA), Paulo Leite and Frederico Müller from the Center for Vegetation Cover
Monitoring, João Campari Ph.D. from The Nature Conservancy, Flavio Chaves and Timothy
Thomas Ph.D. from the World Bank, Monika Grossmann and Dr. Monika Röper from the
German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Dr. Neli A. do Mello and Dr. Richard Pasquis from
the Center for Sustainable Development at the University of Brasilia, Dr. Martina Neuburger
from the University of Tübingen, and of course all my interview partners. Muito obrigada! Moreover, I greatly benefited from the numerous inspiring discussions with my colleagues
and professors at the Interdisciplinary Institute for Environmental Economics in Heidelberg.
They definitely marked my perspective regarding the interrelations of economy and ecology.
In particular, I thank Dr. Christian Becker for his continuous support and for commenting
earlier drafts of my dissertation.
Furthermore, I gratefully acknowledge the doctoral fellowship (2001-2004) of the German
Research Association (DFG) to realize my dissertation within the Graduate College
“Environmental and Resource Economics” of the Universities Mannheim and Heidelberg,
and for the opportunity to present parts of my research at two international conferences,
notably the Environmental Economic Geography Conference in Cologne (2004) and the
Biannual Conference of the International Society of Ecological Economics in Montreal
(2004). I also greatly acknowledge the three-month doctoral fellowship of the German
Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) to conduct my fieldwork in Mato Grosso.
Finally, I owe many special thanks to my husband and my family for their enduring
encouragement, and to my friend Elysa Coles Sicard for her time and patience to correct my
English spelling. All remaining errors are mine.

Paris / Heidelberg, January 2005 Sheila A. Wertz-Kanounnikoff








i
Table of Contents

FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... III
TABLES .................................................................................................................................IV
MAPS .....................................................................................................................................IV
ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................. V
1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................1
2 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY AREA MATO GROSSO ........................................ 6
2.1 Ecological and socio-economic context of Mato Grosso ......................................... 6
2.1.1 Ecological context of Mato Grosso .............................................................. 7
2.1.2 Socio-economic context of Mato Grosso ..................................................... 9
2.2 Colonization process of the Brazilian Amazon and Mato Grosso ......................... 11
2.3 Evolution of the Brazilian environmental policy ................................................... 20
2.4 Environmental licensing system of rural properties (SLAPR) in Mato Grosso.... 24
3 ENFORCING PROPERTY RIGHTS TO CONTROL DEFORESTATION: AN
ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SLAPR IN MATO GROSSO......................... 29
3.1 Theoretical context.................................................................................................30
3.2 Methodology...........................................................................................................32
3.3 Tests for spatial program effects on deforestation in Mato Grosso........................ 39
3.3.1 Spatial effects from the “permanent preservation areas” requirement ....... 42
3.3.2 the “legal reserve” requirement.................................. 45
3.3.3 Spatial effects related to road proximity..................................................... 49
3.3.4 Effects on the size of deforestation patch................................................... 50
3.3.5 Spatial effects in the initial enforcement target area .................................. 53
3.4 Econometric analysis of program effectiveness in Mato Grosso ........................... 56
3.5 Results.................................................................................................................... 60
4 POWER AND INTERESTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY-MAKING: A
POLITICAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE SLAPR IN MATO GROSSO........... 63
4.1 Theoretical context.................................................................................................64
4.2 Methodology...........................................................................................................67
4.3 Identification of relevant stakeholders ................................................................... 71 ii
4.4 Analysis of the stakeholder perspectives and behavior.......................................... 74
4.4.1 Politicians: State Government of Mato Grosso 74
4.4.2 Bureaucracy I: Federal ministry of the environment (MMA) .................... 77
4.4.3 Bureaucracy II: State environmental agency of Mato Grosso (FEMA)..... 79
4.4.4 Bureaucracy III: State Attorney’s Office (Ministerio Publico).................. 82
4.4.5 Bureaucracy IV: Federal environmental agency (IBAMA) ....................... 84
4.4.6 Interest group: Rural producers (FAMATO).............................................. 85
4.4.7 Interest group: International donors ........................................................... 88
4.5 Results.................................................................................................................... 90
5 THE SLAPR OF MATO GROSSO: DISCUSSION OF RESULTS............................... 96
5.1 Political economic determinants of the SLAPR..................................................... 96
5.2 Institutional determ ............................................................. 100
5.3 The SLAPR as deforestation control model in the Brazilian Amazon................. 108
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 111
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 119
ANNEX I ..............................................................................................................................127
ANNEX II …………………………………………………………………………………133
ANNEX III ………………………………………….……………………………………..139

iii
Figures
Figure 1: Land concentration in Mato Grosso........................................................................ 11
Figure 2: Relative and absolute deforestation rates 1996-2002 in Mato Grosso ................... 40
Figure 3: Deforestation in the Legal Amazon 1988-2003...................................................... 41
Figure 4: Amazon forest cover change inside versus outside APPs....................................... 42
Figure 5: Transition forest cover change inside versus outside APPs.................................... 42
Figure 6: Cerrado forest cover change inside versus outside APPs 42