Holocene evolution of the Central Red River Delta, Northern Vietnam [Elektronische Ressource] : lithological and mineralogical investigations / Nguyen Thi Hong Lieu

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Informations

• Publié par: ernst-moritz-arndt-universitat_greifswald
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 81
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

HOLOCENE EVOLUTION OF THE CENTRAL RED RIVER DELTA,
NORTHERN VIETNAM
LITHOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS




Dissertation
in fulfillment of the academic grade
doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.)
at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald



Nguyen Thi Hong Lieu
born on 29.05.1979 in Hanoi, Vietnam




Greifswald, Germany
2006

















Dekan: Prof. Dr. Klaus Fesser

1. Gutachter 1: Prof. Dr. Reinhard Lampe
2. Gutachter 2: Prof. Dr. Georg Irion

Tag der Promotion: 13 July 2006





Hiermit erkläre ich, dass diese Arbeit bisher von mir wieder an der Mathematisch-
Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald noch
einer anderen wissenschaftlichen Einrichtung zum Zwecke der Promotion eingereicht
wurde.
Ferner erkläre ich, dass ich diese Arbeit selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die
darin angegebenen Hilfsmittel benutzt habe.





Nguyen Thi Hong Lieu


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
At the completion of my thesis I would like to express my gratitude to all persons who,
directly or indirectly, contributed to this study.
I would like first to thank my supervisor, Professor Dr. Reinhard Lampe, for his excellent
excursion guidance, ideas for my studying steps and his critical revision of my
manuscript. Without his patience in answering all my questions and support, I would have
not made it.
Next, I am very grateful for the 3-year-financial supporting from Ministry of Education
and Training of Vietnam (MOET) for me to do this Ph.D. work, all members of 322
project. And thanks to my home university to give me the possibility to study in
Greifswald. I am also highly appreciated the organization for my Ph.D. work of Joint
Graduate Education Program between Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology and University of Greifswald, especially Prof. Dr. Maria-
Theresia Schafmeister, Prof. Mai Trong Nhuan, Dr. Habil. Jörn Kasbohm, Prof. Le Tran
Binh, Dr. Le Thi Lai and other organizers of this program.
I specially thank to Dr. Habil. Jörn Kasbohm for his teaching about clay mineral as well
as accepting me analysis XRD samples in laboratory. Also, I would like to thank all of
my Vietnamese teachers in Vietnam and Prof. Tran Nghi, Prof. Mai Trong Nhuan, TS.
Chu Van Ngoi who were always clear my wondering as well as encourage me.
Finally, I would like to thank all members of my family, including my father, my mother, my
brother, my sister and my nephew and my friends in Greifwald, especially our Red river delta
group Duong and Steffen, for their constant support and their endless love during my study and
work.

TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................1
1.1. General introduction............................................................................................1
1.2. Brief review of world deltas geology...................................................................2
1.3. The evolution of Holocene Asian deltas..............................................................4
1.4. Study area location...............................................................................................6
1.5. Objective of this study .........................................................................................7
2. STUDY AREA AND STATE OF THE ART .........................................................................8
2.1. Geographical setting8
2.2. Geological setting..............................................................................................10
2.2.1. Stratigraphy................................................................................................10
2.3. Sea level evolution.............................................................................................14
2.4. Lithology and mineralogy..................................................................................17
2.4.1. Lithology....................................................................................................17
2.4.2. Mineralogy.................................................................................................19
3. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................22
3.1. Sampling and core description...........................................................................23
3.2. X-ray radiography..............................................................................................24
3.3. Grain size analysis24
3.4. Light microscopy...............................................................................................26
3.5. Complex Phase Analysis....................................................................................27
143.6. AMS- C dating31
4. THE LITHOLOGY, MINERALOGY OF HOLOCENE SEDIMENT IN CENTRAL RED
RIVER DELTA..............................................................................................................................33
4.1. TB1 CORE.........................................................................................................33
4.1.1. Unit 0 - Shallow marine sediment (late Pleistocene).................................33
4.1.2. Unit 1 - Estuarine sediments ......................................................................37
4.1.3. Unit 2 - shallow marine, deltaic and fluvial sediments..............................39
4.2. TB2 CORE43
4.2.1. Unit 0 - shallow marine clay (late Pleistocene) .........................................44
4.2.1. a45
4.2.1. a46
4.2.2. Unit 1 - estuarine sediments.......................................................................46
4.2.3. Unit 2 - shallow marine, deltaic sediments...............................................48
4.3. TB3 CORE.........................................................................................................51
4.3.1. Unit 0 – fluvial (later Pleistocene).............................................................51
4.3.2. Unit 1 - estuary sediment ...........................................................................51
4.3.3. Unit 2 - shallow marine, deltaic sediments................................................55
4.4. HT CORE...........................................................................................................59

4.4.1. Unit 1 - estuarine........................................................................................59
4.4.2. Unit 2 – Deltaic and fluvial sediment ........................................................62
4.5. HN CORE..........................................................................................................64
4.5.1. Unit 0 – shallow marine (late Pleistocene) ................................................64
4.5.2. Unit 1- estuarine sediments........................................................................64
4.5.3. Unit 2 - deltaic and fluvial sediments34
4.6. YM CORE.........................................................................................................36
4.6.1. Unit 0 -fluvial (late Pleistocene)................................................................36
4.6.2. Unit 1- estuarine sediments72
4.6.3. ents ........................................................72
4.7. Discussion..........................................................................................................74
5. SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF HOLOCENE SEDIMENT IN CENTRAL RED RIVER
DELTA...........................................................................................................................................89
5.1. Sequence stratigraphic boundaries.....................................................................89
5.1.1. The sequence boundary (SB)90
5.1.2. Transgressive surface (TS) ........................................................................90
5.1.3. Maximum flooding surface (MxFS) ..........................................................91
5.2. Systems tracts.....................................................................................................92
5.2.1. Lowstand systems tracts (LST)..................................................................92
5.2.2. Transgressive systems tract (TST)-Unit 1 ................................................92
5.2.3. Highstand systems tract (HST) -Unit 2.....................................................93
5.3. Discussion..........................................................................................................94
6. HOLOCENE EVOLUTION OF THE CENTRAL RED RIVER DELTA............................98
6.1. First stage – 11.5-8.5 kyr BP .............................................................................98
6.2. Second stage – 8.5-0 kyr BP............................................................................101
6.3. Discussion........................................................................................................107