If it's to be, it starts with me! [Elektronische Ressource] : the bidirectional relation between goals and the self / vorgelegt von Petra Markel

Petramarkel

Sujets

• Psychologie

Informations

• Publié par: julius-maximilians-universitat_wurzburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

If It’s to Be, It Starts With Me!

The Bidirectional Relation between Goals and the Self


Inaugural-Dissertation
zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der
Philosophischen Fakultät II
der
Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg



vorgelegt von
Petra Markel
aus Würzburg


Würzburg, 2009















Erstgutachter: Professor Dr. Fritz Strack
Zweitgutachter: Professor Dr. Bettina Hannover

Tag des Kolloquiums: __________________________
thank you!
It’s a wrap! - And there are a number of people I am very grateful to and whom I would like to
thank for their wonderful support while working on my thesis: First of all, I would like to give a
special thank to my supervisor Fritz Strack. Fritz, you were the one who got me excited about
social psychology already 12 years ago, and who has kept me passionate about the field ever
since. Thank you for creating such a marvelous working atmosphere in our department and the
leeway to develop myself, your tremendous support and your competent advice at any time, and
your warmth! Many thanks go also to Bettina Hannover whose ideas and research greatly
inspired my work, and who has been a wonderful external reviewer, and very flexible to be part
of my defense committee.
A big thank you to my Ph.D. colleagues for invaluable discussions and the wonderful years we
worked together! Special thanks go to you, Katja, for your warmth and helpful encouragement
and to you, Philippe, for sharing good times and hard times with me and for always taking care!
An enormous thank you goes to my beloved student assistants, Achim, Doro, Kevin, Paul and
Sarah, who have contributed tremendously to the reported studies. You all supported me so
much, even without words you were there when I needed you; your help went without saying at
any time! You were available round-the-clock (literally!) for experiment preparation and
coding. Thank you so much! I will treasure the years we worked together!
I’d also like to express my deep gratitude to my one and only Rita. Your fantastic professional
and enormous emotional support, your encouragement, warmth and your everyday presence
have been wonderful and have made it possible for me to pursue my Ph.D. and enjoy it so much
working at the I2! Thanks a million! A special thank you also to you, Karl-Heinz, for your
tremendous technical support in all these years!
A special thank you to my friends for always being such a source of joy and strength, and for
their patience - especially during the last months. An enormous thanks goes to Amina not only
for her invaluable feedback, and wonderful editing work, but also for the lots of ‘baci’,
packages and calls – and for being such a ‘mito’! You have been infinitely flexible, encouraging
and calming me down – whatever I just needed! Thanks a million! I am also indebted to Atilla
and Markus for their invaluable feedback on parts of my thesis.
And finally I would like to thank my wonderful big family for their love and emotional support;
especially my parents for their enormous support, for treating writing sessions and isolation
with such amazing dishes ! and for being such loving parents! Your encouragement and advice
have been invaluable! danke, grazie mille, multumesc! Table of Contents


PREFACE

THEORETICAL PART..................................................................................1
General Introduction...........1
Two-Systems Perspective.......................................3
The Self in Social Psychology ..............................................................................................6
Activation of Self-Relevant Knowledge................7
Dispositional Activation of the Self.................................................................................7
Situational Activation of the Self.....................8
Measurement of the Self.......................................13
Structure, Content, and Operation of the Self ......................................................................16
Self-Concept ..................................................17
Motivated Self................................................................................19
Self: Stable or Malleable?.............................21
Explicit and Implicit Self-Processes..............23
Goals in Social Psychology.................................................................................................29
Structure, Content, and Operation of Goals.........29
Goal Structure ...............................................................................................................29
Goal Content.................30
Goal Systems Theory.....................................................................................................31
Uniqueness of Goal Constructs.....................................................................................34
Goal Activation ....................................................35
Thinking About Goals....................................................................................................35
Significant Others and Goal-Activation........36
Methods to Activate Goals............................36
Goal Striving ........................................................................................................................38
Goal-Relevant Knowledge.............................39
Approach-Avoidance Motivation and Goal-Directed Behavior ...................................40
Goal-Relevant Evaluations and Affective States...........................................................41
Goals and Self .....................................................................................43
Self-Guides43
Possible Selves..............................................43 Self-Discrepancy Theory ...............................................................................................45
Regulatory Focus Theory..............................45
Behavior In Line With One’s Reference Values..................................47
Attitude-Behavior Consistency......................................................................................47
Self-Awareness Theory..48
Self-Regulation Models .................................................................................................50
Self and Goals in the Reflective Impulsive Model...............................52
Summary of Core Assumptions and Outlook on the Experiments57

EMPIRICAL PART ......................................................................................63
Experiment 1: Implicit Measurement of Public and Private Self-Awareness with a
Newly Developed Latency-Based Picture Task....................63
Hypotheses ...........................................................................................65
Method......................................65
Results ......69
Discussion ...........................................................................................71
Experiment 2: Implicit Measurement of Private Self-Awareness (Self-
Characterization) with Two Versions of the Picture Task .................................75
Hypotheses ...........................................................................................................................76
Method......77
Results ......79
Discussion ...........................................................................................................................83
Experiment 3: The Self in Experimenter-Provided Goals: Greater Self-Activation as a
Consequence of Thinking about Possible Goals..................86
Hypotheses ...........................................................................................................................88
Design and Overview ...........................................................................................................88
Method......89
Results ...... ...........................................................................................................................91
Discussion96
Experiment 4: The Self in Self-Generated Goals: Greater Self-Activation as a
Consequence of Generating Personal Goals ........................................................98
Hypotheses .........................................................................................100
Design and Overview .........................................................................................................100
Method...............................................................100
Results ...... ................................................................105
Discussion.........................110 Experiment 5: Goal-Activation as Consequence of Self-Activation: Accessibility and
Approach Avoidance Motivation ........................................................................113
Hypotheses .........................................................................................................................115
Design and Overview .........................................115
Method...............................115
Results ...... ....................................................................