Influence of leaf area development of early and mid-early maturity varieties of silage maize on dry matter yield and forage quality [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von: Patrick Nixon Edoka

Patrick Nixon Edoka

Informations

• Publié par: humboldt-universitat_zu_berlin
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 33
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

Influence of leaf area development of early and mid-early maturity varieties of silage maize on dry
matter yield and forage quality

Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doktor rerum agriculturarum
(Dr. rer. agr.)

Institut für Pflanzenbauwissenschaften, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

vorgelegt von: Msc, Agriculture, Patrick Nixon Edoka
geboren: 04.11.1958, Lira – Uganda
Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Prof. Dr. Hans Jürgen Prömel
In Vertretung

Dekan der Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerischen Fakultät
Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Uwe Jens Nagel
Gutachter:
1. Prof. Dr. Karlheinz Richter
2. Prof. Dr. Frank Ellmer
Datum der Verteidigung: Berlin, 27.01.2006 2
Abstract
Knowledge of leaf area development of silage maize varieties during the vegetation period is
useful in the characterisation of the maturity conditions of plants and in the evaluation of new
varieties. Leaf area, which is a function of leaf number and leaf size may affect yield and
quality parameters of silage maize at varying levels, depending on the environmental
conditions under which the crops are grown. One of the criteria for obtaining good quality
forage is prognosis for optimum harvest time. Two experiments were conducted in 2002 and
2003 at Berge research station, belonging to the Institute of Crop Science (Faculty of
Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt-University Berlin) with the aim to assess how silage
maize varieties of maturity group early and mid early differ in LAI, leaf area development,
specific leaf area, what differences exist between the two methods used to measure LAI.
Considering yield and forage quality, under the condition of location Berge, with limited
water availability, varieties with fewer leaves (13-16) may be suitable. To maintain the whole
plant dry matter content within the optimum range (30-35%), especially under drought
condition, harvest time must fall within the period when at least a minimum of two leaves
below the cob leaf are still green.
Key words: Silage maize, maturity group, yield, forage quality, leaf area index (LAI)

Zusammenfassung
Kenntnisse zur Blattflächenentwicklung von Silomaissorten während der Vegetationsperiode
sind erforderlich, um die Ausreife der Pflanzen charakterisieren und neue Sorte bewerten zu
können. Die Blattfläche ist eine Funktion von Blattzahl und Blattfläche und kann den Ertrag
und die Futterqualität von Silomais in Abhängigkeit von den Umweltbedingungen in
unterschiedlichem Ausmaß variieren. Ein maßgebliches Kriterium für das Erreichen einer
guten Futterqualität ist die Prognose des optimalen Erntetermins. In den Jahren 2002 und
2003 wurden zwei Experimente am Standort Berge des Institutes für
Pflanzenbauwissenschaften (Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät der Humboldt-
Universität zu Berlin) durchgeführt, um zu zeigen, wie sich Silomaissorten der Reifegruppen
früh und mittelfrüh im Blattflächenindex, in der Blattentwicklung sowie spezifischen
Blattfläche unterscheiden und welche Unterschiede zwischen zwei Messmethoden zur
Bestimmung des Blattflächenindexes bestehen. Unter Beachtung von Ertrag und
Futterqualität haben sich bei limitiertem Wasserangebot unter den gegebenen
Standortbedingungen Sorten mit einer geringeren Anzahl von Blattgenerationen (13 bis 16)
als geeignet erwiesen. Um Trockenmassegehalte in der Gesamtpflanze im optimalen Bereich
von 30 bis 35 % im Erntegut garantieren zu können, sollte Silomais speziell unter trocken-
heißen Abreifebedingungen dann geerntet werden, wenn mindestens zwei Blätter unterhalb
des Kolbenansatzes noch grün sind.
Schlüsselworte: Silomais, Reifegruppe, Ertrag, Futterqualität, Blattflächenindex
3
Content
CONTENT............................................................................................................................................................. 3
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................................... 5
1 INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT......................................................................... 6
2 LITERATURE............................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1 CLASSIFICATION AND SELECTION OF MAIZE VARIETIES ........................................................................ 8
2.2 LEAF AREA ......................................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 LEAF AREA INDEX 12
2.4 PLANT CANOPY ANALYSER LAI 2000................................................................................................. 14
2.5 SPECIFIC LEAF AREA ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.6 LEAF ANGLE........ 16
2.7 LEAF SENESCENCE.............................................................................................................................. 17
2.8 STAY-GREEN....................................................................................................................................... 19
2.9 LEAF (AREA) DURATION ..................................................................................................................... 20
2.10 LIGHT INTERCEPTION.......................................................................................................................... 21
2.11 RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................................... 22
2.12 TEMPERATURE SUM (GDD, HU) ........................................................................................................ 23
2.13 BBCH DECIMAL CODES FOR THE GROWTH STAGES OF MAIZE............................................................ 25
2.14 FORAGE QUALITY AND NIRS.............................................................................................................. 26
3 MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................................................................ 27
3.1 FIELD RESEARCH STATION BERGE - LOCATION, SOIL AND WEATHER CONDITIONS .............................. 27
3.2 SILAGE MAIZE MATURITY GROUPS USED............................................................................................. 30
3.3 MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS ................................................................................................ 30
3.3.1 MANUAL METHOD OF MEASURING LA AND LAI................................................................................. 32
3.3.2 PLANT CANOPY ANALYSER LAI 2000 METHOD OF MEASURING LAI................................................... 33
3.4 GROWING DEGREE DAYS (GDD) ....................................................................................................... 34
3.5 DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................. 34
4 RESULTS................................................................................................................................................... 35
4.1 GDD AT GERMINATION, SILKING AND HARVEST PERIODS IN 2002 – 2004........................................... 35
4.2 LEAF AREA AND LEAF AREA INDEX (MANUAL MEASUREMENT).......................................................... 35
4.3 LEAF AREA INDEX MEASUREMENT USING LAI 2000 PLANT CANOPY ANALYSER................................. 38
4.4 LIGHT INTERCEPTION AND LEAF ANGLE.............................................................................................. 43
4.5 INDIVIDUAL LEAF AREAS AND LEAF GENERATION (NUMBERS) OF THE VARIETIES............................... 46
4.6 MAXIMUM LEAF AREA 49
4.7 DRY MATTER YIELD AND DRY MASS CONTENT.................................................................................... 62
4.8 FORAGE QUALITY ............................................................................................................................... 65 4
5 DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................................. 70
5.1 TEMPERATURE SUM (GDD)................................................................................................................ 70
5.2 LEAF AREA AND LEAF NUMBER........................................................................................................... 71
5.3 LEAF SENESCENCE.............................................................................................................................. 73
5.4 STAY-GREEN CHARACTERISTICS AND YIELD ....................................................................................... 74
5.5 PERCENTAGE GREEN LEAF AREA AT HARVEST .................................................................................... 75
5.6 LEAF AREA DURATION ........................................................................................................................ 76
5.7 SPECIFIC LEAF AREA ..............