Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the southern hemisphere genus Leptinella Cass. (Compositae, Anthemideae) [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Sven Himmelreich

Sven Stelling-Michaud

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_regensburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 22
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history
of the southern hemisphere genus Leptinella Cass.
(Compositae, Anthemideae)

Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.)
der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät III - Biologie und Vorklinische Medizin
der Universität Regensburg






vorgelegt von
Sven Himmelreich
aus Regensburg
Regensburg, Juli 2009 Promotionsgesuch eingereicht am: 29.07.2009

Die Arbeit wurde angeleitet von: Prof. Dr. Christoph Oberprieler





Prüfungsausschuss:


Prüfungsausschussvorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Reinhard Wirth

1. Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Christoph Oberprieler

2. Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Günther Rudolf Heubl

3. Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Erhard Strohm
Contents I

Contents


List of Figures II
List of Tables III
Acknowledgements IV

Chapter 1 General Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Phylogeny of southern hemisphere Compositae-Anthemideae based 21
on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA ndhF sequence information
Chapter 3 Phylogeny of Leptinella (Anthemideae, Compositae) inferred from 46
sequence information
Chapter 4 Phylogenetic relationships in Leptinella (Anthemideae, 78
Compositae) inferred from AFLP fingerprinting
Chapter 5 Evolution of dimorphic sex expression and polyploidy in Leptinella 107
Chapter 6 Conclusion 117

Summary 125
Zusammenfassung 128
References 131
Appendices 147

List of Figures II

List of Figures

Title Leptinella featherstonii on the Chatham Islands with Northern
Royal Albatross (photo by P. de Lange, New Zealand).
Fig. 1-1 Distribution of Leptinella based on Lloyd (1972c). 8
Fig. 1-2 Variation of plants in Leptinella. 9
Fig. 1-3 Capitula and florets of Leptinella. 9
Fig. 1-4 Leaves from different Leptinella taxa from cultivated plants. 10
Fig. 1-5 Postulate steps of the evolution of breeding systems in Leptinella 16
(modified from Lloyd 1975b).
Fig. 2-1 Strict consensus tree of 493.976 equally most parsimonious trees 32
based on cpDNA ndhF sequence information.
Fig. 2-2 Phylogenetic tree from a Maximum-Likelihood (ML) analysis 33
based on cpDNA ndhF sequence information.
Fig. 2-3 Strict consensus tree of 61 equally most parsimonious trees based 35
on nrDNA ITS sequence information.
Fig. 2-4 Phylogenetic tree from a Maximum-Likelihood (ML) analysis 36
based on nrDNA ITS sequence information.
Fig. 3-1 Basal part of the majority rule consensus tree inferred from 59
Bayesian analysis of the combined dataset (ITS, psba-trnH, trnC-
petN).
Fig. 3-2 Apical part of the majority rule consensus tree inferred from 60
Bayesian analysis of the combined dataset (ITS, psba-trnH, trnC-
petN).
Fig. 3-3 Maximum clade credibility tree from the BEAST analysis. 64
Fig. 3-4 Phylogenetic network based on ITS data of the Leptinella main 67
group.
Fig. 3-5 Phylogenetic network based on the combined cpDNA data (psbA- 69
trnH, trnC-petN) of the Leptinella main group.
Fig. 4-1 AFLP analysis of all 236 investigated individuals (31 taxa) of 89
Leptinella main clade.
Fig. 4-2 AFLP analysis of tetraploid individuals (81, individuals, 15 taxa) 90
of Leptinella main clade.
Fig. 4-3 Midpoint rooted neighbour-joining tree using Nei-Li distances of 92
taxon group A.
Fig. 4-4 Midpoint rooted neighbour-joining tree using Nei-Li distances of 94
taxon group B.
Fig. 4-5 Midpoint rooted neighbour-joining tree using Nei-Li distances of 96
taxon group C.
Fig. 4-6 Axes 1 and 2 of the principal coordinate analysis for a) taxa 98
group A, b) taxa group B, and c) taxa group C.
Fig. 5-1 Phylogenetic tree from the Bayesian analysis of the combined 115
dataset from chapter 3. The member of each group are shown
alphabetically on the right side with their ploidy level and sex
expression.
120 Fig. 6-1 Results of the DNA sequencing and AFLP fingerprinting studies of
Leptinella (chapters 3 and 4).
123 Fig. 6-2 Long distance dispersal events within the Cotula-group and
Leptinella as suggested by molecular phylogenies (chapters 2
and 3). List of Tables III

List of Tables

Tab. 1-1 Taxa of Leptinella and information to sex expression, chromosome 18
number and distribution.
Tab. 1-2 Summary of sex expressions in Leptinella according to Lloyd 19
(1972a,b, 1975a,b, 1980a).
Tab. 2-1 Species analysed in this study and their accession data. 25
Tab. 3-1 Species analysed in this study, their accession data and additional 50
information.
Tab. 3-2 Comparison of phylogenetic analysis statistics for the various 57
molecular datasets analyzed in this study.
Tab. 3-3 Sequence divergence in the ITS dataset. 63
Tab. 3-4 Divergence age estimates (crown age). 63
Tab. 4-1 Samples include in the AFLP analysis. 82
Tab. 5-1 Sex expression and ploidy level of Leptinella taxa. 112
Tab. 5-2 Summary of sex expressions in Leptinella. 113


Acknowledgment IV

Acknowledgment

First of all I would thank Prof. Dr. Christoph Oberprieler who considerable
contributed to the whole concept of this work. During the long time that I spent for my
PhD, his many ideas and all the discussions on different topics related to the PhD thesis
were always very inspiring.
I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Günther Rudolf Heubl for accepting to be referee of
this thesis.
I would thank all members of the working group for a very good co-operation.
Especially, many thanks to my colleagues Dr. Rosa Maria Lo Presti, Roland Greiner, and
Dr. Jörg Meister for helpful discussions on several topics, critical comments and the very
nice atmosphere. Thanks also to Peter Hummel for his assistance in the laboratory work.
I would like to acknowledge Dr. Kathrin Bylebyl, Susanne Gewolf, PD Dr. Christoph
Reisch, and Dr. Christine Römermann for many helpful discussions and all colleagues of
the Institute of Botany of the University of Regensburg for a nice working atmosphere.
I would like to thank all colleagues in Australia, Bolivia, Chile, and New Zealand for
their help in the field trip or for collecting Leptinella material. Especially, many thanks to
Dr. Ilse Breitwieser, Frank Rupprecht and Dr. Ines Schönberger for their grateful help
during the collecting trip in New Zealand.
I would like to acknowledge Mari Källersjö and Pia Eldenäs for their cooperation and
the nice time in Stockholm.
Thanks a lot to Malte Andrasch, Harald Guldan, Laura Klingseisen, Philipp Kolmar,
Michael Saugspier and Andrea Spitzner for their help with the sequencing and cloning of
the almost complicate Leptinella during their student training in the lab.
Thanks also go to Dr. Maik Bartelheimer, Dr. Burckard Braig, Lena Dietz, Margit
Gratzl, and Roland Greiner for their help in putting this work in its current form.

Additionally, people who supported different parts of this work are separately
mentioned at the end of the respective chapter. Thanks to all of them.

Last but not least, special thanks to my parents, who encouraged and supported me
whenever it was necessary.
Chapter 1 General Introduction 1






Chapter 1

General Introduction Chapter 1 General Introduction 2

Evolution of New Zealand plant groups

New Zealand has been isolated by a distance of c. 1500 km from its closet landmass
Australia after the break-up of Gondwana 80 million years ago (Cooper and Miller 1993,
McLoughlin 2001). After the break-up, New Zealand had undergone several dramatic
geologic and climatic events that formed a very diverse topography with a high diversity of
biomes (Winkworth et al 2005, Linder 2008). Large parts (or the entire archipelago) of
New Zealand were inundated during the Oligocene (Cooper and Millener 1993,
Winkworth et al. 2002, Trewick and Morgan-Richards 2005). The uplift of the Southern
Alps is dated to c. 12 Ma, but the alpine habitat was established only during the last 5 Ma
(Chamberlain and Poage 2000, Winkworth et al. 2005). In the Pleistocene, the glacial
cycles and volcanism played an important role in the evolution of the environment of New
Zealand (Winkworth et al. 2005).
In the past, the biogeography of the southern hemisphere plant groups has received
much attention by biologists and the origin of its flora and fauna was extensively
discussed. Two contradictory concepts exit about the origin of the southern hemisphere
plant groups - vicariance or long distance dispersal (see reviews by Pole 1994, McGlone
2005, Trewick et al. 2007, Goldberg et al. 2008). Recent studies using molecular data
suggest that long distance dispersal is more prevalent than vicariance, at least as far as the
New Zealand plant and animal lineages are concerned (e.g. Pole 1994, Sanmartin and
Ronquist 2004, Winkworth et al. 2005, Sanmartin et al. 2007, Goldberg et al. 2008).
Several molecular phylogenies show that the divergence times of many groups are too
recent to explain the observed geographic patterns by vicariance (e.g. von Hage