Plasma osteopontin in comparison with bone markers as an indicator of distant metastases and a predictor of survival outcome in prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma patients [Elektronische Ressource] / Azizbek Ramankulov

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Aus der Klinik für Urologie, Campus Charité Mitte der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin DISSERTATION Plasma osteopontin in comparison with bone markers as an indicator of distant metastases and a predictor of survival outcome in prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma patients zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor medicinae (Dr. med.) vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin von Azizbek Ramankulov aus Bischkek, Kirgisien Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. med. K. Jung 2. Prof. Dr. med. D. Fahlenkamp 3. Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. A. Sokolowski Datum der Promotion: 22. Juni 2007 Parts of this dissertation have been published or submitted for publication in the following articles: 1. Ramankulov A, Michael R, Lein M, Loening SA, Jung K. Bone turnover markers as diagnostic and prognostic tools in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Central As Med J 2006;12:97-101. 2. Ramankulov A, Lein M, Kristiansen G, Loening SA, Jung K. Plasma osteopontin in comparison with bone markers as indicator of bone metastasis and survival outcome in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate 2007;67:330-340. 3. Ramankulov A, Lein M, Kristiansen G, Meyer H-A, Loening SA, Jung K.

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• Gesundheit

Informations

• Publié par: charite_-_universitatsmedizin_berlin
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 11
• Langue: English

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Aus der Klinik für Urologie, Campus Charité Mitte der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité  Universitätsmedizin Berlin    DISSERTATION   Plasma osteopontin in comparison with bone markers as an indicator of distant metastases and a predictor of survival outcome in prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma patients      zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor medicinae (Dr. med.)      vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät Charité  Universitätsmedizin Berlin      von   Azizbek Ramankulov   aus Bischkek, Kirgisien

 

                              Gutachter:

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1. Prof. Dr. med. K. Jung

2. Prof. Dr. med. D. Fahlenkamp

3. Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. A. Sokolowski

       Datum der Promotion:22. Juni 2007     

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  Parts of this dissertation have been published or submitted for publication in the following articles:     1.R, Lein M, Loening SA, Jung K. Bone turnover markers asRamankulov A, Michael diagnostic and prognostic tools in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Central As Med J 2006;12:97-101.  2.Ramankulov A, Lein M, Kristiansen G, Loening SA, Jung K. Plasma osteopontin in comparison with bone markers as indicator of bone metastasis and survival outcome in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate 2007;67:330-340.  3.Lein M, Kristiansen G, Meyer H-A, Loening SA, Jung K. ElevatedRamankulov A, plasma osteopontin as marker for distant metastases and poor survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, accepted, February 23, 2007.  4.Roigas J, Johannsen M, Ringsdorf M, Kristiansen G, JungJung M, Ramankulov A, K. In search for suitable reference genes for gene expression studies of human renal cell carcinoma by real-time PCR. BMC Mol Biol, submitted November 27, 2006. 

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Widmung

Für meinen Vater, Sovet Ramankulov, dem Hochschullehrer für Mathematik und Kybernetik. 

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Contents

    Contents:   1   Introduction and objectives 1   1.1    2Prostate cancer and metastases   1.2    3Renal cell carcinoma and metastases   1.3   Bone markers as bone metabolic indicators 3   1.3.1   Bone turnover 4   1.3.2    5Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase   1.3.3   Propeptides and telopeptides of type I collagen 5   1.3.4    6Clinical utility of bone markers in human malignancies   1.4   Osteopontin 7   1.4.1    7Literature review   1.4.2    10Structure of osteopontin   1.4.2.1   Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid domain - a ligand for cell integrin receptors 11   1.4.2.2   Thrombin cleavage site 11   1.4.2.3   Serine-valine-valine-tyrosine-glycine-leucine-arginine sequence 11   1.4.2.4    12Other domains   1.4.3   Biological functions of osteopontin 12   1.4.3.1   Bone resorption 12   1.4.3.2    13Mineralization and crystallization   1.4.3.3    13Inflammatory and immune response   1.4.3.4   Angiogenesis 14   1.4.3.5   Osteopontin in tumor progression and metastasis 14   1.5   Objectives of study 17   2   Materials and methods 18   2.1   Study population 18   2.1.1   Control groups 18   2.1.2   Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia 18   2.1.3   Prostate cancer patients 18   2.1.4    19Renal cell carcinoma patients   2.2   Collection of blood samples 20   2.2.1    20Prostate cancer   2.2.2   Renal cell carcinoma 21   2.3   Quantification of osteopontin 21   2.3.1   Sample preparation 21   2.3.2    21The ELISA procedure   2.3.3   Calculation of osteopontin concentration 23     I  

   Contents 2.4   Quantification of bone markers 24   2.5   Routine clinical chemistry determinations 25   2.6    25Statistical analysis     3   Results 26   3.1    26Prostate cancer   3.1.1    26Levels of osteopontin and bone markers   3.1.2   Correlation between osteopontin, bone markers, and clinico-pathological data 27   3.1.3    28Osteopontin and bone markers as diagnostic indicators of metastases   3.1.4   bone markers as predictors of survival outcomeOsteopontin and  31   3.2   Renal cell carcinoma 34   3.2.1    34Levels of osteopontin, bone markers, and enzymes   3.2.2   Correlation between osteopontin, bone markers, enzymes, and clinico-pathological data 36   3.2.3   Osteopontin and bone markers as diagnostic indicators of metastases 38   3.2.4   Osteopontin and  42bone markers as predictors of survival outcome    4   Discussion 44   4.1    44Prostate cancer   4.1.1   Levels of osteopontin and bone markers 45   4.1.2   Correlation between osteopontin, bone markers, and clinico-pathological data 46   4.1.3    46Diagnostic performance of osteopontin and bone markers   4.1.4   Prognostic significance of osteopontin and bone markers 47   4.1.5   Limitations of the study 48   4.2    49Renal cell carcinoma   4.2.1   Levels of osteopontin, bone markers, and enzymes 49   4.2.2   Correlation between osteopontin, bone markers, and clinico-pathological data 50   4.2.3   Diagnostic performance of osteopontin and bone markers 51   4.2.4   Prognostic significance of osteopontin and bone markers 52   4.3   Conclusion 53     5   Summary 54   6   References 58       II  

  Abbreviations:    ALAT  AUC  bALP  BPH  CTX  ECM  ELISA  GGT  ICTP  MMP  OPN  PCa  PICP  PINP  PSA  RCC  RGD  ROC  RR  RT  SVVYGLR  tALP  uPA  VEGF  95% CI   

   

 

Abbriviations

Alanine transaminase  Area under the ROC curve  Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase  Benign prostatic hyperplasia  C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen  Extracellular matrix  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay  Gamma-glutamyl transferase  Cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen  Matrix metalloproteinase  Osteopontin  Prostate cancer  C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen  N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen  Prostate specific antigen  Renal cell carcinoma  Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid sequence  Receiver operation characteristics  Relative risk  Room temperature  Serine-valine-valine-tyrosine-glycine-leucine-arginine sequence  Total alkaline phosphatase  Urokinase type plasminogen activator  Vascular endothelial growth factor  95% Confidence interval

III

Chapter 1 

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Introduction and objectives 

1 Introduction and objectives   Cancer is a major public health problem in the world, causing millions of people to die every year. In fact, one in four deaths in the United States is due to cancer [1]. Cancer detected at an early stage, before it has metastasized, can often be treated successfully by surgery or local irradiation. In contrast, cancer diagnosed after it has developed metastases, treatments are much less successful and in most cases only palliative. Metastases, rather than primary tumors, are responsible for most cancer deaths. Therefore, improved ways of early detection of metastatic disease are urgently being sought. Development of biochemical markers, which are measurable in blood, easy repeatable, inexpensive, and safe for patients, is a promising strategy to improve the diagnosis of metastasis. Biochemical markers providing a clinician with both accurate diagnostic and prognostic information regarding cancer patients are most desirable. Prognostic value of biochemical markers will assist in identifying patients at risk in order to provide them with timely and appropriate treatment. Such stratification of patients into risk groups based on levels of biochemical markers will also enable clinicians to use diagnostic recourses such as radiography and scintigraphy more cost- effectively. Recently there has been a focus of attention towards bone markers, which reflect subtle changes in bone metabolism like bone formation and resorption. In fact, once a tumor invades the bone it disturbs finely balanced processes of bone formation and resorption. These changes in bone metabolism can easily be assessed using bone markers in blood [2]. These markers are particularly useful to detect bone metastases from cancers, which preferentially metastasize to bone, such as prostate cancer (PCa) and breast cancer. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is also known to metastasize frequently to the bone. However, at present there is no ideal test for detecting bone metastases and there is still much room for the improvement of the diagnosis of bone metastases. In the course of searching for a better and more reliable marker for cancer metastases, osteopontin (OPN) was examined in this study. OPN, a glycoprotein, was recently identified as a key protein in tumor genesis and progression [3]. OPN exists in a secreted form in all body fluids that makes it available for routine determinations in blood [4]. In addition, OPN is abundantly distributed in bone tissue and involved in the regulation of bone turnover [5-7]. This indicates that plasma OPN could provide 1  

Chapter 1  Introduction and objectives  diagnostic information relating to skeletal metastases. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical usefulness of plasma OPN in two urologic cancers: PCa and RCC with all patients classified into subgroups with distant bone and non-bone metastases, with metastases in regional lymph nodes, and organ-confined disease. Its diagnostic and prognostic performance was validated against the established markers for bone metastases such as bone formation markers: N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP), and bone resorption marker: cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP). This chapter functions as an introduction of the thesis and outlines statistical figures on PCa, RCC and their metastases. Furthermore, it describes aforementioned bone markers as well as structure and functions of OPN. The formulation of the objectives of the current study will conclude this chapter. 

1.1 Prostate cancer and metastases  PCa is the most common malignancy to afflict elderly men. In 2006, PCa is estimated to cause 234,460 new cases and 27,350 deaths in the USA [1]. While most of the patients with organ-confined tumors can be curatively treated by radical prostatectomy, about 20% of patients experience tumor recurrence or metastatic tumor progression. The distinct predilection site of hematogenous spread of PCa is bone. Bone lesions from prostate cancer are characterized by increased osteoblastic reaction [8]. Bone metastases in PCa patients are associated with pain, impaired mobility, pathological fracture, spinal or nerve root compression, and bone marrow infiltration. Up to 70% of patients with advanced PCa have bone metastases, which significantly reduce quality of life and cause morbidity [9,10]. More than 85% of those patients who die of PCa have bone metastases [11]. The survival of patients is essentially determined by the extent of metastatic spread within the skeletal system [12]. These few figures underline the great challenge to detect bone metastases at an early stage or to classify patients as risk persons in order to provide timely, appropriate treatment and prognostic information. 

 

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Chapter 1  Introduction and objectives  1.2 Renal cell carcinoma and metastases  In 2006, RCC is estimated to cause 38,890 new cases and 12,840 deaths in the USA [1]. RCC is, most of the times, clinically asymptomatic and casually detected by routine ultrasonographic follow-up in persons otherwise in inconspicuous conditions [13]. However, at the time of initial presentation, about 50% patients have localized carcinoma, while 20% suffer from regional and another 20% from distant metastases [14]. Distant metastases most frequently occur in the lungs, bone, liver or brain. Bone metastases are found in 30% of patients with metastases either alone or in combination with metastases in other locations [15-17]. In contrast to PCa skeletal metastases from RCC are osteolytic [18]. Metastatic spread to bones accounts for high morbidity in these patients and is a poor survival factor [19,20]. These data indicate the importance of early detection of metastases in RCC patients. In relation to histological types of RCC clear cell RCC is the most frequent one with an incidence of 70% followed by papillary and chromophobe types with an incidence of 10% and 5%, respectively. Histological feature of RCC provides prognostic information regarding tumor patients. Clear cell type has a worse prognosis for RCC patients compared to both papillary and chromophobe types [21]. In a recent study, a 5- year survival of patients with clear cell and chromophobe RCC types was 50% and 78%, respectively [22]. 

1.3 Bone markers as bone metabolic indicators   Although bone seems to be an inert tissue, in fact, it is a metabolically active one, which continuously undergoes turnover that consists of bone resorption and formation processes [23]. Bone markers are mainly represented by bone cell enzymes such as bALP or by-products liberated during synthesis and degradation of type I collagen such as PINP and ICTP. As mentioned earlier, bone markers bALP, PINP, and ICTP were used in this study to validate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of OPN. Therefore, in order to outline the origin of the above-mentioned bone markers, bone turnover and metabolism of type I collagen are described in this section. In addition, it also gives a short overview of the clinical utility of these bone markers in human malignancies.

 

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 Introduction and objectives 

Chapter 1  1.3.1 Bone turnover   Bone tissue consists of three components: an organic matrix, or osteoid, bone mineral, and bone cells [24]. The cells responsible for resorption and formation are osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively. Under the physiological conditions, bone resorption takes approximately 10 days, which is then followed by formation that lasts for up to 3 months. These two processes are tightly coupled through well-coordinated mechanisms [23,25].

  Figure 1. Bone turnover. Reproduced with permission from M. J. Seibel ref [25].    As shown in Figure 1, first, (a) osteoclasts should anchor to the bone matrix, which is mediated by an ariginine-glycine-asparic acid (RGD) cell-binding sequence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as OPN [6]. Osteoclasts dissolve bone mineral by massive acid secretion and also secrete specialized proteinases such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsin K that degrade the organic matrix, mainly type I collagen [26,27]. The resorption process takes place in an extracellular compartment covered by the ruffled border of the osteoclast and results in formation of the resorption pit [27]. (b) After the erosion of a cavity is completed by osteoclasts, osteoblasts fill the cavity with an equivalent amount of organic matrix. (c) Newly formed osteoid undergoes mineralization with hydroxyapatite and (d) the remodelled area then passes into a quiescent phase before a new cycle begins [28]. Therefore, this continuous process of bone turnover plays an important role in replacing old bone and maintaining homeostasis in bone tissue.     

 

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