Poverty and Social Exclusion in India

The World Bank

Description

Despite India's record of rapid economic growth and poverty reduction over recent decades,
rising inequality in the country has been a subject of concern among policy makers,
academics, and activists alike.
Poverty and Social Exclusion in India focuses on social exclusion, which has its roots in India's
historical divisions along lines of caste, tribe, and the excluded sex, that is, women. These inequalities
are more structural in nature and have kept entire groups trapped, unable to take advantage
of opportunities that economic growth offers. Culturally rooted systems perpetuate inequality, and,
rather than a culture of poverty that afflicts disadvantaged groups, it is, in fact, these inequality
traps that prevent these groups from breaking out. Combining rigorous quantitative research with
a discussion of these underlying processes, this book finds that exclusion can be explained by
inequality in opportunities, inequality in access to markets, and inequality in voice and agency.
This report will be of interest to policy makers, development practitioners, social scientists,
and academics working to foster equality in India.

Sujets

• Poverty reduction

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 12 avril 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 50
• EAN13: 9780821386903
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

POVERTY AND
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
IN INDIAPOVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION
IN INDIAPOVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION
IN INDIA© 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street NW
Washington DC 20433
Telephone: [phone]
Internet: www.worldbank.org
All rights reserved
1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11
This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development / The World Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed
in this volume do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of The World
Bank or the governments they represent.
The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The
boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work
do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of
any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
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All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to
the Offi ce of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433,
USA; fax: [phone]; e-mail: [e-mail].
ISBN: 978-0-8213-8690-3
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8733-7
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8690-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested.
Cover design: Naylor DesignContents
Preface and Acknowledgments xi
Abbreviations xiii
1 Overview 1
Organization of the Report 6
Main Findings 8
Common Themes 31
Notes 32
References 33
2 Adivasis 37
Poverty and the Gap between Adivasis and
Non- Adivasis 40
The Survival Disadvantage: Mortality among
Adivasi Children 47
Other Processes Related to Higher Mortality
among Adivasi Children 56
Land and Natural Resources: A Central Role
in Explaining Tribal Deprivation 64
Adivasi Deprivation Is Tied Up with the
Limited Voice of Adivasis 72
Notes 74
References 77
3 Dalits 83
Educational Expansion for All: Yet More for Some
than for Others 86
How Does the Labor Market Behave toward Dalits? 89
Social Networks: Does It Boil Down to Whom
You Know? 109
Voice and Agency Have Accompanied
Economic Change 112
Conclusion 117
Annex 119
vvi contents
Notes 121
References 121
4 Women 127
The Survival Disadvantage 128
Markets and Assets: Some Progress, but
Continuing Disadvantage 149
Voice and Visibility in Public Spaces 160
Conclusion 167
Notes 168
References 168
Boxes
1.1 Roma in Europe: A Large Ethnic Minority Excluded
at High Cost 4
2.1 Melghat: Years of Reporting Malnutrition 48
2.2 Mistrust Is a Barrier to Adivasi Access to
Health Services 62
2.3 Distress Migration among Adivasis 68
3.1 Intergenerational Mobility Is Visible, but
Restricted among Dalits 104
3.2 State Support and Entrepreneurial Spirit Can
Change Outcomes 108
4.1 Conditional Cash Transfers to Improve Survival
and Development Outcomes among Women
and Girls 141
4.2 Kudumbashree: Innovation for Results 160
4.3 Legislation Can Have Unintended Consequences,
Both Good and Not So Good 163
4.4 The Challenge of Giving Excluded Groups Space
in Political Decision Making in Latin America 164
4.5 What Do You Want to Do? Who Do You Want to
Be? What Is Stopping You? The Aspirations of
Young Girls in a South Delhi Slum 166
Figures
1.1 Rural Adivasi Children: Lower Risk of Dying
at Birth, but Greater Risk by Age 5 12
1.2 More ST Children Are Severely Stunted and Wasted
within the First 10 Months of Birth, 2005–06 14
1.3 Change in Postprimary Education, by Caste and
Gender, 1983–2005 17
1.4 A Small Labor Market Transition among Dalit Men:
Out of Casual Labor into Self-Employment 19contents vii
1.5 Wage Differentials between Dalits and Others Are
Higher in Salaried Work than in Casual Work 21
1.6 Only in India and Nepal Is Infant Mortality Higher
among Girls than among Boys 25
1.7 The Experience of Violence Is Associated with Worse
Outcomes among Women and Their Children 27
2.1 Consumption Growth among Urban STs Was Highly
Skewed with Bigger Gains Near the Top of the
Distribution 46
2.2 The District-Level Relationship between Infant
Mortality and the Concentration of STs 51
2.3 Adivasi Children: Lower Risk of Dying at Birth,
but Greater Risk by Age 5 51
2.4 More ST Children Are Severely Stunted and Wasted
within the First 10 Months of Birth, 2005–06 57
2.5 Tribal Children: Less Likely to Fall Sick with
Cough or Fever, but Much Less Likely to
Be Treated 58
2.6 Mothers of Tribal Children Are Less Likely to
Receive Health Care 60
3.1 Change in Postprimary Education, by Caste and
Gender, 1983–2005 87
3.2 Dalit Men: More Likelihood of Casual Labor in
Rural Areas; Less Likelihood of Self-Employment
in Urban Areas 93
3.3 Where Does Education Take Rural Men in the
Labor Market? 98
3.4 ake Urban Men in the 99
3.5 Salaried Work: Wage Differentials between Dalits
and Others Are Higher 100
3.6 Adivasis and Dalits Have Few Social Networks in
the Formal Sector 105
4.1 Only in India and Nepal Is Infant Mortality Higher
among Girls than among Boys 130
4.2 Fertility Is Declining: Rates in Many Indian States
Resemble Rates in Developed Countries 131
4.3 Nearly One-Fourth of Indian Women 20–24 Had
Their First Child by the Age of 18 135
4.4 A Majority of Indian and Bangladeshi Parents Do
Not Consider Daughters as Sources of Old
Age Support 138
4.5 Indian Women Face a 1 in 70 Chance of Dying
in Childbirth 139viii contents
4.6 Occupational Structure Is Changing More among
Men than among Women, and the Differences
across Social Groups Are Large 152
4.7 Women Are Paid Less than Men across the Wage
Distribution 155
4.8 The Aspirations of Women Doing Only Domestic
Work 156
4.9 Almost Half of MGNREGS Participants Are Women,
but Some States Do Better than Others, 2010 159
Tables
1.1 Poverty Rates: STs Are 20 Years behind the
Average Population 11
1.2 Adivasi Child Mortality Exceeds the Relative
Population Share in Rural Areas 12
1.3 The Representation of Dalits in Government
Jobs, 2006 20
1.4 Three in Five Women Cite Lack of Credit as a
Reason for Not Doing the Work They Want 30
2.1 In Terms of Poverty, STs Are 20 Years behind the
Average Population 41
2.2 The Depth and Severity of Poverty Have Declined
More Slowly among STs than among Other
Social Groups 43
2.3 The Increasing Concentration of STs in the
Poorest Wealth Deciles, 1993–2005 44
2.4 Trends in Poverty Incidence in States with a High
Proportion of Adivasis 45
2.5 Child Mortality among Adivasis Far Exceeds Their
Relative Share in the Rural Population 49
2.6 Child Mortality Rates among STs, by State, 2005 50
2.7 STs and Non-STs: The Gap in the Relative
Hazard Rate 52
2.8 Early Childhood Mortality Rates by Residence
and Ethnicity among Different Cohorts, 2005 54
2.9 ST Children: The Breadth of Immunization Coverage
Improved, but the Intensity Expanded More Slowly 60
2.10 The Average Landholding in Rural Areas 65
3.1 Odds Ratios Predicting Labor Force Participation 91
3.2 Small Labor Market Transitions among Dalit Men,
While Dalit Women Are Exiting Casual Work and
the Labor Market 92