Preferential processing of phobic cues [Elektronische Ressource] : attention and perception in spider phobic patients / vorgelegt von Antje B. M. Gerdes

Psy1243

Sujets

• Psychologie
• Gesundheit

Informations

• Publié par: julius-maximilians-universitat_wurzburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 29
• Langue: Deutsch

Extrait

Preferential Processing of Phobic Cues
Attention and Perception in Spider Phobic Patients






Inaugural Dissertation
zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät II
der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
vorgelegt von Antje B.M. Gerdes,
Würzburg, 2008

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Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Paul Pauli
Zweitgutachter: PD Dr. Georg W. Alpers
Tag des Kolloquiums: 04.08.2008
3
Ich danke ganz besonders herzlich…

Prof. Dr. Paul Pauli für seine Unterstützung und die Möglichkeit dieser Arbeit.
PD Dr. Georg W. Alpers, ohne den diese Arbeit gar nicht entstanden wäre, nicht so viel
Spaß gemacht hätte und der mir der beste Mentor und ebenso guter Freund geworden
ist.
meinen Eltern Irmgard und Heinz Gerdes für „Wurzeln und Flügel“.
Michael M. Plichta für alles.
Matthias J. Wieser und Markus Winkler aus 007,
meiner Freundin Annette Conzelmann,
sowie sämtlichen Kolleginnen und Kollegen, denn…

„Nichts beflügelt die Wissenschaft so, wie der Schwatz mit Kollegen auf dem Flur.“
Arno Penzias (*1933)

natürlich auch allen Studentinnen und Studenten, die mir geholfen haben
und allen Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern an den Experimenten! 4 Tables of contents
Tables of contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................ 8
German abstract (deutsche Zusammenfassung) ............................................ 10
1. General introduction ..................................................................................... 12
1.1 Preferential processing of emotional cues ................................................. 12
1.2 Attention and perception in spider phobia 13
1.3 Attentional bias: engagement or disengagement? ..................................... 14
1.4 Enhanced processing of threat in phobia: impact on perception? ............. 15
1.5 Aim of the dissertation ............................................................................... 16
2. Experiment I: Distraction by task-irrelevant phobic cues ........................... 17
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 17
2.1.1 Attentional biases in anxiety .................................................................................... 17
2.1.2 Hypervigilance versus disengagement hypotheses .................................................. 18
2.1.3 Distraction by fear-relevant stimuli ......................................................................... 18
2.1.4 Aim of the study and hypotheses ............................................................................. 20
2.2 Pilot studies ................................................................................................ 22
2.2.1 Pilot study I .............................................................................................................. 22
2.2.2 Pilot study II ............................................................................................................. 24
2.2.3 Conclusions relevant for the main study .................................................................. 25
2.3 Method ....................................................................................................... 25
2.3.1 Participants ............................................................................................................... 25
2.3.2 Stimulus material ..................................................................................................... 28
2.3.3 Experimental task 29
2.3.4 Apparatus ................................................................................................................. 30
2.3.4.1 Software ............................................................................................................ 30
2.3.4.2 Recording of eye movements ........................................................................... 31
2.3.5 Procedure .. 32
2.3.6 Data analysis ............................................................................................................ 32
2.3.6.1 Picture ratings ................................................................................................... 32
2.3.6.2 Reaction times to targets .................................................................................. 33 Tables of contents 5
2.3.6.3 Eye movements ................................................................................................ 33
2.3.6.4 Possible confounding variables ........................................................................ 33
2.4 Results ........................................................................................................ 34
2.4.1 Picture ratings .......................................................................................................... 34
2.4.2 Manual reaction times .............................................................................................. 35
2.4.2.1 Baseline reaction time to targets....................................................................... 35
2.4.2.2 Distractor trial reaction time to targets ............................................................. 35
2.4.3 Eye movement data .................................................................................................. 37
2.4.3.1 Number of error fixations ................................................................................. 37
2.4.3.2. Duration of error fixations ............................................................................... 38
2.4.4 Possible confounding variables ................................................................................ 39
2.5 Discussion .................................................................................................. 40
2.5.1 Distractor effects ...................................................................................................... 40
2.5.2 Initial capture of attention and disengagement ........................................................ 41
2.5.3 Specific conditions for the observed effects ............................................................ 43
2.5.4 Unspecific hypervigilance and specific disengagement deficit ............................... 44
2.5.5 Disengagement and avoidance ................................................................................. 45
2.5.6 Limitations ............................................................................................................... 45
2.5.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 46
2.5.8 Outlook on experiment II ......................................................................................... 46
3. Experiment II: Perception of phobic cues in binocular rivalry .................. 48
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 48
3.1.1 Multistable perception under binocular rivalry ........................................................ 48
3.1.2 Neural processes underlying binocular rivalry 48
3.1.3 The role of attention in binocular rivalry ................................................................. 49
3.1.4 The role of emotion in binocular rivalry .................................................................. 49
3.1.5 Individual differences and binocular rivalry ............................................................ 50
3.1.6 Aims of the study and hypotheses ........................................................................... 51
3.2 Method ....................................................................................................... 52
3.2.1 Participants ............................................................................................................... 52
3.2.2 Questionnaires .......................................................................................................... 53
3.2.3 Material and apparatus ............................................................................................. 54 6 Tables of contents
3.2.4 Procedure ................................................................................................................. 56
3.2.5 Data reduction .......................................................................................................... 57
3.2.5.1 Main outcome measures ................................................................................... 57
3.2.5.2 Exploratory analyses and control measures ..................................................... 57
3.2.5.3 Statistical analyses ............................................................................................ 58
3.3 Results ........................................................................................................ 59
3.3.1 Picture ratings .......................................................................................................... 59
3.3.2 Initial percept in rivalry ................................................................................