Quantum mechanical study of molecular switches [Elektronische Ressource] : electronic structure, kinetics and dynamical aspects / vorgelegt von Jadranka Dokić

Jadranka Dokic

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_potsdam
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 40
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 9 Mo

Extrait

Institut fur¨ Chemie – Arbeitsgruppe Saalfrank
Quantum Mechanical Study of Molecular Switches:
Electronic Structure, Kinetics and Dynamical Aspects
Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
“doctor rerum naturalium”
(Dr. rer. nat.)
in der Wissenschaftsdisziplin Theoretische Chemie
eingereicht an der
Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at
der Universit¨at Potsdam
vorgelegt von
Jadranka Doki´c
aus Panˇcevo, Serbien
Potsdam, 2009This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License:
Attribution - Noncommercial - Share Alike 3.0 Germany
To view a copy of this license visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/de/deed.en


































1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. P. Saalfrank
2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. B. Hartke
3. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. G. Stock

Tag der Disputation: 29. Januar 2010


Published online at the
Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam:
URL http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4179/
URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41796
http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41796 Publications
Publications
´1. F.Leyssner, S.Hagen, L.Ov´ari, J.Doki´c, P.Saalfrank, M.V.Peters, S.Hecht,
M. Wolf, T. Klamroth, P. Tegeder, Photoisomerization Ability of Molecular
Switches Adsorbed on Au(111): Comparison Between an Azobenzene and
Stilbene Derivative, J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 1231-1239 (2010)
2. C. Nacci, S. F¨olsch, K. Zenichowski, J. Doki´c, T. Klamroth, P. Saalfrank,
Current versus Temperature-Induced Switching in a Single-Molecule Tunnel
Junction: 1,5-cyclooctadiene on Si(001), Nano Lett. 9, 2996-3000 (2009)
3. J.Doki´c,M.Gothe,J.Wirth,M.V.Peters,J.Schwarz,S.Hecht,P.Saalfrank,
Quantum Chemical Investigations of Thermal Cis-to-Trans Isomerization of
AzobenzeneDerivatives: SubstituentEffects, SolventEffects, andComparison
to Experimental Data, J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 6763-6773 (2009)
4. N.Henningsen,K.J.Franke,I.F.Torrente,G.Schulze,B.Priewisch,K.Ruc¨ k-
Braun, J. Doki´c, T. Klamroth, P. Saalfrank, J. I. Pascual, Inducing the Ro-
tation of a Single Phenyl Ring with Tunneling Electrons, J. Phys. Chem. C
111, 14843-14848 (2007).
5. G. Fuc¨ hsel, T. Klamroth, J. Doki´c, P. Saalfrank, On the Electronic Structure
ofNeutralandIonicAzobenzenesandTheirPossibleRoleasSurfaceMounted
Molecular Switches, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 16337-16345 (2006).Abstract
Molecularphotoswitchesareattractingmuchattentionlatelymostlybecauseoftheir
possible applications in nano technology, and their role in biology.
One of the widely studied representatives of photochromic molecules is azobenzene
(AB). With light, by a static electric field, or with tunneling electrons this specie
can be “switched” from the flat and energetically more stable trans form, into the
compact cis form. The back reaction can be induced optically or thermally. Quan-
tum chemical calculations, mostly based on density functional theory, on the AB
molecule, AB derivatives and related systems are presented. All the calculations
were done for isolated species, however, with implications for latest experimental
results aiming at the switching of surface mounted ABs. In some of these experi-
ments, it is assumed that the switching process is substrate mediated, by attaching
anelectronoraholetotheadsorbateformingshort-livedanionorcationresonances.
Therefore, we calculated also cationic and anionic ABs in this work. An influence
of external electric fields on the potential energy surfaces, was also studied.
Further, by the type, number and positioning of various substituent groups, sys-
tematic changes on activation energies and rates for the thermal cis-to-trans iso-
merization can be enforced. The nature of the transition state for ground state
isomerization was investigated. Applying Eyring’s state theory, trends in
activation energies and rates were predicted and are, where a comparison was possi-
ble, in good agreement with experimental data. Further, thermal isomerization was
studiedinsolution, forwhichapolarizablecontinuummodelwasemployed. Thein-
fluence of substitution and an environment leaves its traces on structural properties
of molecules and quantitative appearance of calculated UV/Vis spectra, as well.
Finally, an explicit treatment of a solid substrate was demonstrated for the con-
formational switching, by scanning tunneling microscope, of a 1,5-cyclooctadiene
(COD) molecule at a Si(001) surface, treated by a cluster model. At first, we stud-
ied energetics and potential energy surfaces along relevant switching coordinates
by quantum chemical calculations, followed by the switching dynamics using wave
packet methods. We show that, in spite the simplicity of the model, our calcula-
tions support the switching of adsorbed COD, by inelastic electron tunneling at low
temperatures.Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Molecular Switches at Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Outline of this Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Theoretical Concepts 7
2.1 Quantum Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 Born-Oppenheimer Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 Hartree-Fock Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.3 Basis Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.4 Density Functional Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.5 Polarizable Continuum Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.6 Transition State Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 Time-dependent Schr¨odinger Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.1 Propagation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.2 The Gadzuk Jumping Wave Packet Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 Azobenzenes 31
3.1 General Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 Method Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.1 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34ii CONTENTS
3.2.2 Excitation Energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3 Ground State Potential Energy Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4 Anionic and Cationic Azobenzenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.1 Experimental Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.2 Anionic Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.3 Cationic Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4 Azobenzenes in External Electric Fields 47
4.1 Experimental Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2 Field Effects on TBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3 Field Effects on DMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5 Substitution Effects: Azobenzenes and Related Compounds 57
5.1 Experimental Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.2 Computational Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.3 Thermal Ground State Isomerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3.1 Electronically ”Inactive“ Substituents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3.2 Substitution with Electronically “Active“ Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.3.3 Isomerization of TBA-like Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.4 UV/Vis Absorption Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.4.1 Influence of Donors and Acceptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.4.2 Influence of Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.5 Bisazobenzenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.5.2 UV/Vis Spectra and Photoreactivity of TT-BABs . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.5.3 Thermal Ground State Isomerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.6 Isomerization of Imines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91CONTENTS iii
5.6.1 N-benzylideneaniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.6.2 Thermal Isomerization of Imines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6 1,5-Cyclooctadiene@Si(001) 95
6.1 General and Experimental Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.2 Quantum Chemical Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.2.1 The Free COD Molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.2.2 Adsorption of COD on Si Dimer(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.2.3 Two- and One-Dimensional Potential Energy Surfaces . . . . . . . . 102
6.2.4 Thermal Isomerization of COD@Si(001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.2.5 New Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.2.6 Anionic and Cationic Surf