Roman lead and copper mining in Germany [Elektronische Ressource] : their origin and development through time, deduced from lead and copper isotope provenance studies / von Soodabeh Durali-Müller

Soodabeh Durali

Informations

• Publié par: goethe_universitat_frankfurt_am_main
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 10
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Roman lead and copper mining in Germany
their origin and development through time,
deduced from lead and copper isotope provenance studies







Dissertation
zur Erlangen des Doktorgrades
Der Naturwissenschaften






Vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Geowissenschaften
der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität
in Frankfurt am Main







von
Soodabeh Durali-Müller
aus Tehran/Iran








Frankfurt (2005)













Von Fachbereich .............................................................................................. der

Johann Wolfgang Goethe – Universität als Dissertation angenommen.














Dekan: ................................................................................................

Gutachter: ...........................................................................................

Datum der Disputation: .......................................................................



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. G. Brey for his support and guidance.
I profited much from discussions with Prof. S. Weyer, Prof. W. Püttmann and
Prof. H.M. von Kaenel. Dr. D. Wigg-Wolf is specially thanked for his valuable
comments and for finding me very useful contacts and I thank Dr. Y. Lahaye, Dr.
H. Höfer, Dr. Ch. Bendall and A. K. Neumann for helping me in the laboratory and
with measurements. I like to thank Dr. H.M. Seitz and Dr. Ch. Bendall for
reviewing the German and English text respectively.

I would also like to thank those people and institutions, which provided artifacts
and ore samples for analysis:

For artifacts:
Dr. D. Wigg-Wolf: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz
Prof. G. Fingerlin: Archäologische Denkmalpflege, Freiburg
Dr. G. Rasbach and Dr. K.-F. Rittershofer: Römisch-Germanische Kommision,
Frankfurt
Dr. A. Heising: Archäologie und Geschichte der römischen Provinzen, Johann
Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt
Dr. G. Rupprecht and Dr. J. Dolata: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Mainz
Dr. S. Faust and Dr. L. Schwinden: Landesmuseum, Trier
Dr. H. Merten: Bischofliches Museum, Trier
Dr. C. Nickel and Dr. M. Thoma: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Außenstelle
Koblenz
Dr. D. Krausse: University of Kiel

For ores:
Dr. L. Krahn: Fraunhofer IZM, Paderborn
Dr. A. Hauptmann and Dr. M. Ganzelewski: Bergbau Museum, Bochum
Dr. A. Wiechowski: Institut für Mineralogie und Lagerstättenlehre RWTH, Aachen
Dr. K. Schürmann: Mineralogisches Museum der Philipps Universität, Marburg
Dr. R. Schumacher: Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn
Dr. R.T. Schmitt: Museum für Naturkunde, Universität zu Berlin
Dr. Dr. H. Lutz and C. Poser: Naturhistorisches Museum, Mainz
Dr. M. Günter: Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt
Dr. U. Neumann: Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen
Prof. W. Püttmann: Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Universität Frankfurt
Dr. A. Bechtel: Montanuniversität Leoben, Österreich
Above all I wish to thank my parents and my husband, Thomas, for their love,
patience and encouragement.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
KURZFASSUNG
GERMAN SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 GEOLOGY AND METALLURGY OF LEAD .....................1
1.1 GEOLOGICAL SETTING........................................................................1
1.2 ORE MINERALIZATION............................................................................1
1.2.1 VARISCAN VEIN-TYPE MINERALIZATION ................................................1
1.2.2 POST-VARISCAN VEIN-TYPE MINERALIZATION IN PALEOZOIC
SEDIMENTS...........................................................................................................2
1.2.3 POST-VARISCAN CARBONATE-HOSTED LEAD-ZINC
MINERALIZATION OF AACHEN-STOLBERG AND EASTERN BELGIUM .........4
1.2.4 TRIASSIC SANDSTONE-HOSTED ORE IMPREGNATIONS OF
MAUBACH-MECHERNICH ...................................................................................4
1.3 METAL OCCURRENCE AND METALLURGY OF LEAD IN ROMAN
PERIOD...........................................................................................................6
1.3.1 THE SOURCES OF LEAD IN ROMAN PERIOD ...........................................6
1.3.2 METAL REFINING PROCESSES ...............................................................10
1.4 USE OF LEAD IN ROMAN PERIOD ........................................................12
CHAPTER 2 ANALYTICAL METHODS...............................................14
2.1 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................14
2.1.1 INSTRUMENTATION ..................................................................................14
2.1.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION...........................................................................14 2.2 LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS....................................................................14
2.2.1 INSTRUMENTATION ..................................................................................14
2.2.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION...........................................................................15
2.2.3 STANDARD.................................................................................................15
2.3.4 COMPARING THE RESULTS OF THE MEASUREMENTS WITH TIMS AND
MC-ICP-MS ..........................................................................................................16
2.3.5 COMPARING THE LASER MC-ICP-MS AND SOLUTION MC-ICP-MS
RESULTS OF LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS.........................................................19
2.4 COPPER ISOTOPE ANAYLSIS ..............................................................20
2.4.1 SAMPLE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS.....................................................20
2.4.2 MEASUREMENT AND STANDARDIZATION ............................................21
2.5 ZINC ISOTOPE ANAYLSIS.....................................................................22
2.5.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................22
2.5.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS ...............................................23

CHAPTER 3 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS................................................24
3.1 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF GALENA FROM THE RHEINISCHE
SCHIEFERGEBIRGE....................................................................................24
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................24
3.1.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................25
3.2 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF LEAD OBJECTS FROM MAINZ
WORKSHOP AND WALDGIRMES...............................................................29
3.2.1 RESULTS ....................................................................................................29
3.2.2 DISCUSSION ..............................................................................................30
CHAPTER 4 LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS...........................................31
4.1 LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF GERMAN ORES ..................................31 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................31
4.1.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................32
4.2 LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF LEAD OBJECTS..................................35
4.2.1 INTRODUCTION35
4.2.2 RESULTS ....................................................................................................38
DANGSTETTEN .............................................................................................38
WALDGIRMES ...............................................................................................39
MAINZ.............................................................................................................41
MARTBERG ...................................................................................................44
TRIER..............................................................................................................48
WALLENDORF54
DÜNSBERG....................................................................................................55
4.2.3 DISCUSSION ..............................................................................................57
4.2.4 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................59

CHAPTER 5 ELEMENTAL AND ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF COPPER
ORES AND ALLOYS............................................................................62
5.1 METALLURGY OF COPPER ..................................................................62
5.1.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................62
5