Hydrogen and Other Alternative Fuels for Air and Ground Transportation

Directorate-General For Research And Innovation

Sujets

• Sciences et techniques

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• Publié par: DIRECTORATE-GENERAL-FOR-RESEARCH-AND-INNOVATION
• Nombre de lectures: 5
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

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European Commission
Directorate General XII
Science, Research and Development
HYDROGEN AND OTHER
ALTERNATIVE FUELS
FOR AIR AND GROUND
TRANSPORTATION
Edited by
WILEY H.W.POHL Hydrogen and other
Alternative Fuels for
Air and Ground Transportation Hydrogen and other
Alternative Fuels for
Air and Ground Transportation
Edited by
H.W. Pohl
Daimler-Benz Aerospace Airbus, Hamburg, Germany
JOHN WILEY & SONS
Chichester · New York · Brisbane ■ Toronto · Singapore Publication EUR 15898 EN of the
European Commission,
Directorate-General XII - Science, Research and Development, Brussels
© ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussel-Luxembourg, 1995.
LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission
is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.
Published in 1995 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd,
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West Sussex PO 19 1UD, England
Telephone: National 01243 779777
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All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced by any means,
or transmitted, or translated into a machine language
without the written permission of the publisher.
The figures in Chapter 4 have been reprinted with permission from,
Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels and Electricity, by Johansson Kelly,
Roddy Williams and Burnham, published by Island Press, Washington
DC. and Covelo, California © 1993 Island Press.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hydrogen and other alternative fuels for air and ground transportation
edited by H. W. Pohl,
p. cm
Proceedings of a workshop held in Brussels in June 1993.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0 471 95336 9
1. Hydrogen as fuel — Congresses. I. Pohl, H. W.
TP359.H8H843 1995
665.8Ί—dc20 95-17785
CIP
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 471 95336 9
Typeset from author's disk in 10/12pt Times by Keytec Typesetting, Bridport
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd, Guildford and King's Lynn
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestation,
for which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. Contents
Preface ix
Summary xi
List of Authors xii
1. Long-term Trends in Energy Consumption and in
Availability and Cost of Conventional Fuel 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Trends in global energy requirements
1.3s in fuel requirements for air and road transportation 4
1.4 Energy reserves and resources 7
1.5 Price trends for conventional fuels 10
1.6 Availability of alternative fuels2
1.7 Adoption ofe fuels for air and road transport 14
1.8 Summary 16
1.9 References8
Energy and the Environment9
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Problems from fossil fuels 23
2.3 Alternative energy production and fuels
2.4 Conclusions 32
2.5 References
Characteristics of Alternative Fuels - Limiting the
Choice5
3.1 Introduction 3
3.2 Energy sources and energy carriers 3
3.3 Characteristics of energy carriers6
3.4 Criteria for selection of energy carrier7
3.5 Selection of energy carrier for aircraft8
3.6n ofyr for road vehicles9 vi CONTENTS
4. Clean Energy Sources 41
4.1 Introduction1
4.2 Review of renewable energy potentials3
4.3 Major development trends and R&TD underway 55
4.4 Trends in efficiency/economics 61
4.5 Conclusions and recommendations7
4.6 References 71
5. Technology for Gaseous Hydrogen Production 75
5.1 Current state of H2 production5
5.2 Liquid hydrogen6
5.3 Integration of hydrogen supply for vehicles and planes into the
electric power grid6
5.4 Decomposition of natural gas into hydrogen and pure carbon 79
5.5 Concept of hydrogen production in decentralized installations 81
6. Technology for Cryofuel Production 85
6.1 Production processes used today5
6.2 Processes under R&TD 89
6.3 Price trends 90
6.4 Storage and distribution6
6.5 Safety record9
6.6 Regulations 103
6.7 Conclusions4
6.8 Recommendations4
6.9 Experience from LH2 space application 104
7. Experience from LH2 Space Application 111
7.1 Introduction 111
7.2 Rocket engine testing1
7.3 Test facilities5
7.4 Experience7
7.5 Components applicable in air/ground transportation 119
7.6 Recommendations 121
8. Experience from the TU-155 Experimental Aircraft 123
8.1 Introduction3
8.2 The Tupolev Company's philosophy using hydrogen in
transportation4
8.3 The TU-155 experimental aircraft6
8.4 Problems to be solved in cryogenic fuel system operation, engine
supply and refuelling 130
8.5 Conclusions and proposals from the TU-155 experiences 133
8.6 Outlook for the future of cryogenic aviation in Russia4