Silvicultural contributions to the reforestation with native species in the tropical mountain rainforest region of South Ecuador [Elektronische Ressource] / Nikolay Aguirre Mendoza

Aguirre

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 40
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Lehrstuhl für Waldbau und Foresteinrichtung
Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt


Silvicultural contributions to the reforestation with
native species in the tropical mountain rainforest
region of South Ecuador



Nikolay Aguirre Mendoza


Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung,
Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen
Grades eines Doktors der Forstwissenschaft (Dr. rer. silv.) genehmigten Dissertation.


Vorsitzender: Univ. - Prof. Dr. G. Müller-Starck
Prüfer der Dissertation:
1. apl. Prof. Dr. M. Weber
2. Univ. - Prof. Dr. Th. F. Knoke




Die Dissertation wurde am 30.04.2007 bei der Technischen Universität München
eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung,
Landnutzung und Umwelt am 15.06.2007 angenommen. Contents
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Contents

List of Tables ................................................................................................................... iv
List of Figures.................................................................................................................. vi
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................viii
1. Introduction, problem and objectives............................................................. 1
2. Description of the research area..................................................................... 4
2.1. General information about Ecuador ......................................................................4
2.2. The Andean region of Ecuador ..............................................................................6
2.2.1. Geomorphology and landscapes ........................................................................7
2.2.2. Climate................................................................................................................8
2.2.3. Vegetation...........................................................................................................9
2.2.4. Land uses..........................................................................................................10
2.2.5. Reforestation in Ecuador...................................................................................12
3. Material and methods..................................................................................... 15
3.1. The study area .......................................................................................................15
3.1.1. Landscapes, topography and soils....................................................................16
3.1.2. Climate..............................................................................................................17
3.1.3. Natural vegetation.............................................................................................17
3.2. The reforestation experiment...............................................................................18
3.2.1. Selection of the species tested .........................................................................21
3.2.2. Seedling production ..........................................................................................22
3.2.3. Experimental design22
3.2.4. Data collection...................................................................................................27
3.3. The herbicide experiment.....................................................................................29
3.4. Enrichment planting experiment..........................................................................33
3.5. Statistical analysis ................................................................................................34
iContents
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4. Results ......................................................................................................................36
4.1. Reforestation experiment .....................................................................................36
4.1.1. Natural regeneration on the study sites ............................................................36
4.1.1.1. Analysis of the soil seed bank.....................................................................36
4.1.1.1. Natural regeneration on the control plots....................................................38
4.1.2. Initial conditions of the seedlings at time of planting .........................................43
4.1.3. Status of the seedlings in the reforestation after two years. .............................44
4.1.4. Effect of the successional phases on the performance of the seedlings...........47
4.1.4.1 Situation after two years ..............................................................................47
4.1.4.2. Development of the seedlings during the 24 months..................................51
4.1.5. Effect of treatment on the performance of seedlings ........................................54
4.1.5.1. Situation after two years .............................................................................54
4.1.5.2. Development of the seedlings during the whole observation period
subjected to the different treatments..........................................................56
4.1.6. Comparison between pure and mixed species plots.........................................56
4.1.7. Effects of micro site conditions..........................................................................60
4.1.8. Health status of the seedlings after two years ..................................................65
4.2. Herbicide experiment............................................................................................67
4.3. Enrichment Experiment ........................................................................................79
5. Discussion ...................................................................................................... 86
5.1. Methodology ..........................................................................................................86
5.1.1. Studies on the reforestation of abandoned land ...............................................86
5.1.2. Seedlings production.........................................................................................88
5.2. Results ...................................................................................................................89
5.2.1. Obstacles for reforestation in abandoned pastures. .........................................89
5.2.2. Natural regeneration of abandoned pastures....................................................90
5.2.3. Performance of the native species tested in the reforestation experiment .......91
5.2.4. Influence of the successional status of the sites...............................................94
5.2.5. Influence of the manual and chemical treatment of the ground vegetation.......96
5.2.6. Differences between light demanding and shade tolerant species ...................98
5.2.7. Differences among the native and exotics species...........................................99
5.2.8. Influence of species mixture............................................................................100
5.2.9. Enrichment of pine plantations with native species.........................................100
iiContents
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6. Conclusions and Recommendations.......................................................... 102
7. Summary....................................................................................................... 108
8. Resumen 113
9. Literature cited ............................................................................................. 118
10. Annexes ...................................................................................................... 131
Annex 1: Species used in the reforestation experiment.........................................131
Annex 2: Species used in the enrichment experiment ...........................................140
Literature cited in annexes........................................................................................146

iiiList of Tables
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List of Tables
Table 1: Annual average of temperature and precipitation as a function of altitude ................... 17
Table 2: Characteristics of the three reforestation sites. ............................................................. 19
Table 3: Characteristics of the species selected for the experiments. ........................................ 21
Table 4: The factors considered in the experiment...................................................................... 23
Table 5: Characteristics of the blocks of the herbicide experiment. ............................................ 29
Table 6: Number of seedlings (N/ha) germinated from soil samples of four different sites in the
nursery. ...................................