Temporal and spatial analyses of citrus variegated chlorosis and coffee leaf scorch, caused by Xylella fastidiosa [Elektronische Ressource] / von Andrea Denecke

Andrea Denecke

Informations

• Publié par: gottfried_wilhelm_leibniz_universitat_hannover
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 11
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Temporal and spatial analyses of
Citrus Variegated Chlorosis and Coffee Leaf Scorch,
caused by Xylella fastidiosa


















Von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult t der
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universit t Hannover
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doktor der Gartenbauwissenschaften
- Dr. rer. hort. -
genehmigte Dissertation
von


Dipl.-Ing. agr. Andrea Denecke
geb. am 04.02.1975 in Salzgitter





2006






Referent: Prof. Dr. B. Hau


Koreferent: Prof. Dr. A. Bergamin Filho




Tag der Pr fung: 08.08.2006

Content
List ofTables V
List of Figures VI Abbreviations IX
Abstract X
Zusammenfassung XI

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature Rview 2
2.1. The crops 2
2.1. Citrus 2
2.1.2. offee 3
2.2. The diseases 5
2.2.1. Citrus Variegated Chlorosis 5
2.2.2. Coffee Leaf Scorch 6
2.2.3. Other Xylella diseases 8
2.3. The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. 11
2.4. Ttransmission 17
2.5. Management of the diseases 21
2.5.1. Curative measurements 21
2.5.2. Pruning2.5.3. Irrigation/ Nutrition 22
2.5.4. Vector control 23 2.5.5. Selection of resistant or tolerant species and varieties 24
2.6. Epidemiological aspects 25
2.6.1. Incubation period 2.6.2. Temporal aspects of CVC and CLS 25
2.6.3. Spatial CVC and CLS 26

3. Materials & Methods 28
3.1. Field descriptions 28
3.1.1. Coffee plots in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil 28
3.1.2. Citrus plots in Sªo Paulo, Brazil 29
3.1.3. Citrus plots in Bahia, Brazil 29
3.1.4. Citrus plots in the Province Corrientes, Argentina 30
3.2. Data assessment 31
3.2.1. CLS assessment in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil 31
3.2.2. CVC assessment in Sªo Paulo, Brazil 31
3.2.3. CVCn Bahia, Brazil 32
3.2.4. CVCn the Province Corrientes, Argentina 32
3.3. Treatment of the meteorological data 33
3.4. Temporal analyses 33
3.5. Times of the highest increase of the incidence of symptoms 34
3.6. Persistence of the symptoms 34
3.7. Severity of the disease sy 34
3.8. Spatial analyses 35
3.8.1. Ordinaryruns analysis
3.8.2. Quadrat based analyses 36
3.8.2.1. Dispersion Index DI 37
3.8.2.2. Application of the modified Taylor law 37
3.9. Analysis of foci dynamics and structure 38

4. Results 39
4.1. Temporal aspects of the diseases 39
4.1.1. Temporal development of CLS in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil 39
4.1.2. Temporal devel CVC in Sªo Paulo, Brazil 42
4.1.3. Temporal development of CVC in Bahia, Brazil 46
4.1.4. Temporal devel CVC in the Province Corrientes, Argentina 48
4.2. Times of the highest increase of the symptom incidence 51
4.2.1. Symptom incidence of CLS in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil 51
4.2.2. Synci CVC in Sªo Paulo, Brazil 52
4.2.3. Symptom incidence of CVC in Bahia, Brazil 55
4.2.4. Synci CVC in the Province Corrientes, Argentina 56
4.3. Persistence of the disease symptoms 58
4.3.1. Persis the CVC symptoms in the State of Bahia 58
4.3.2. Persistence ofVC syn the Province Corrientes 60
4.4. Severity of the disease symptoms 62
4.4.1. Severity of the CVC symptoms in the State of Sªo Paulo, Brazil 62
4.4.2. Severity ofVC syn Bahia, Brazil 65
4.4.3. Severity of the CVC symptoms in the Province Corrientes, Argentina 67
4.5. Spatial analyses of disease patterns 71
4.5.1. Spatial pattern of CLS in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil 71
4.5.2. Spatialn of CVC in Sªo Paulo, Brazil 73
4.5.3. Spatial pattern of CVC in Bahia, Brazil 76
4.5.4. Spatialn of CVC in the Province Corrientes, Argentina 79
4.6. Analysis of foci dynamics and structure 81
4.6.1. CVC foci in the State of Sªo Paulo, Brazil 81
4.6.2. CVC foci in State of Bahia, Brazil 83

5. Discussion 85
5.1. Temporal aspects of the diseases
5.1.1. Increases of the symptom appearance 85
5.1.2. Decrance 87
5.1.3. Severity of the disease symptoms 90
5.1.4. Temporal progress of the diseases 92
5.2. Spatial aspects 98
5.3. Management of the diseases 100
5.3.1. Vector control/ roguing of diseased plants 100
5.3.2. Irrigation 100
5.4. Outlook 101

6. Citaons 103
7. Anex 17 V
List of Tables
No. Title Page
1 Economically important Xylella diseases and their occurrence 8
2 Systemic hosts of Xylella fastidiosa 9
3 Taylor law parameters log(A) and b and their standard errors (SE) as well 72
as the coefficients of determination R† for different quadrat sizes of the
plots SG1 and SG2 at Sªo Gotardo and at ErvÆlia
4 Taylor law parameters log(A) and b and their standard errors (SE) as well 75
as the coefficients of determination R† for different quadrat sizes of the
plots at Sªo Carlos, Engenheiro Coelho and Bebedouro, plots B
untreated and B treated
Taylor law parameters log(A) and b and their standard errors (SE) as well 5 76
as the coefficients of determination R† for different quadrat sizes of the
plots irrigated, non-irrigated 1 and non-irrigated 2 in Bahia
6 Taylor law parameters log(A) and b and their standard errors (SE) as well 80
as the coefficients of determination R† for different quadrat sizes of the
plots A and B in the Province Corrientes
7 Background information on the assessed plots 118
8 Disease incidence, ordinary runs and dispersion index analyses of CLS 120
diseased coffee plants in the plots SG1 and SG2 at Sªo Gotardo and at
ErvÆlia
9 CLS disease incidence in the respective columns of the coffee plot SG1 at 121
Sªo Gotardo.
10 CLS disease incidence in the respective columns of the coffee plot SG2 at 121
11 Disease incidence, ordinary runs and dispersion index analyses of CVC 121
diseased citrus plants, plots at Sªo Carlos, Engenheiro Coelho and
Bebedouro, plots B untreated and B treated in the State of Sªo
Paulo.
12 Disease incidence, ordinary runs and dispersion index analyses of CVC 124
diseased citrus plants, plots irrigated, non-irrigated 1 and non-irrigated
2 in the State of Bahia
13 Disease incidence, ordinary runs and dispersion index analyses of CVC 126
diseased citrus plants in the plots A and B in the Province Corrientes


VI
List of Figures
No. Title Page
1 Citrus plant with typical CVC symptoms 5
2 Normal coffee twig and twigs with typical CLS symptoms 7
3 Incidence of CLS symptomatic and diseased coffee plants, mean tempera- 39
ture and daily precipitation on a monthly basis in the plots SG1 and SG2 at
Sªo Gotardo
4 Incidence of CLS symptomatic and diseased coffee plants in the plantation 40
at ErvÆlia.
5 Incidence of CVC symptomatic and diseased citrus plants, mean tempera- 42
ture and mean daily precipitation on a monthly basis in the plot at Sªo
Carlos
6 Incidence of CVC symptomatic and diseased citrus plants, mean tempera- 43
ture and mean daily precipitation on a monthly basis in the plot at
Engenheiro Coelho
7 Incidence of CVC symptomatic and diseased citrus plants, mean tempera- 44
ture and mean daily precipitation on a monthly basis in the plots B trea-
ted and B untreated at Bebedouro
8 Incidence of CVC symptomatic and diseased citrus plants, mean tempera- 46
ture and daily precipitation on a monthly basis in the plots irrigated and
non-irrigated (1 & 2) in Bahia.
9 Incidence of CVC symptomatic and diseased citrus plants, mean tempera- 48
ture and daily precipitation on a monthly basis in the plots A and B in the
Province Corrientes
10 Incidence of CVC symptomatic and diseased citrus plants, mean tempera- 49
ture and daily precipitation on a monthly basis in the irrigated and non-
irrigated plot in the Province Corrientes
11 Differences in the incidence of CLS symptomatic coffee plants, mean tem- 51
perature and mean daily precipitation on a monthly basis in the plots SG1
and SG2 at Sªo Gotardo
12 Differences in the incidence of CVC symptomatic citrus plants, mean tem- 52
perature and mean daily precipitation on a monthly basis in the plot at Sªo
Carlos
13 Differences in the incidence of CVC symptomatic citrus plants, mean tem- 53
perature and mean daily precipitation on a monthly basis in the plot at
Engenheiro Coelho
14 Differences in the incidence of CVC symptomatic citrus plants, mean tem- 53
perature and mean daily precipitation on a monthly basis in the plots
B untreated ? and B treated at Bebedouro
15 Differences in the incidence of CVC symptomatic citrus plants, mean tem- 55
perature and mean daily precipitation on a monthly bas