The role of indigenous people in national development processes [Elektronische Ressource] : participation and marginalisation of indigenous Bedouin in South Sinai tourism development / von Andrea von Sarnowski

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• Publié par: johannes_gutenberg-universitat_mainz
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 21
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 8 Mo

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The Role of Indigenous People in National
Development Processes:
Participation and Marginalisation of Indigenous Bedouin
in South Sinai Tourism Development



Inauguraldissertation

zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades

eines Dr. phil.,


vorgelegt dem Fachbereich 09 – Chemie, Pharmazie und Geowissenschaften

der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität

Mainz


von

Andrea von Sarnowski

aus München


2010 2
Referent: Prof. Dr.

Korreferent: Prof. Dr.

Tag des Prüfungskolloquiums: 26.11.2010

3

“The colony of a civilized nation which takes possession either
of a waste country, or of one so thinly inhabited, that the natives
easily give place to new settlers, advances more rapidly to
wealth and greatness than any other human society.” (Adam
Smith)


Researcher:
“And you, are you Egyptian?”
Bedouin:
“What do you mean, inside, in my heart or on my ID? On
the ID I am Egyptian, but inside I am a Bedouin. And
what does the nationality mean anyway? We have
already been Israelis, too. One has to have some
nationality and one cannot have a Bedouin nationality. A
Bedouin nationality does not exist, because we do not
have a state.” (Mzaina, Dahab, male, 24)


“Globalization is a fact; we must govern it to control its impact,
first mitigating and then preventing any excesses. Let us not
forget that the price is often paid by the weakest in our society,
those excluded from globalization, those brutally marginalized
by it, not those who are involved and enjoy its fruits.” (Romano
Prodi)
4

Preface
The idea for this dissertation was developed in 2001, when I was lookingfor adissertation
projectintheArabworldthatwouldbeexcitingintellectuallyaswellasinotheraspectsand
that would giveme the opportunity to practice the Arab language that Ihad studied at uni-
versity. After a respective Google-search, I called Prof. Dr. XXXXXXX from the Johannes
Gutenberg-UniversitätMainzandinquiredwhethertherewereanypossibilitiestodoaPh.D.
research and thesis under his supervision. Prof. XXXXXX then presented three possible
researchtopicstome:XXXXXXXXX,XXXXXXXXXandtheconflictsbetweenlocalBedouin
and migrants in tourism development in South Sinai. At the School of Oriental and African
Studies (SOAS) in London, I had already written an essay on pastoralism and felt a great
affinitytonowdoempiricalresearchwitha(previously)pastoralistpeople–theBedouin.So
mypreferencewasclear.IttookanothertwoyearsduringwhichIworkedforaGTZprojectin
Sri Lanka and prepared the Ph.D. project proposal, before I started my fieldwork for this
researchinSinaiinMay2003.
Thisstudycouldnothavebeencompletedwithoutthehelpandsupportofmanypeopleto
whomIexpressmysinceregratitude.
I am particularly grateful to the following people who supported me during my fieldwork in
SouthSinai:
• ToalltherespondentsinSinaiwhogavemetheirtime,patienceandtrustandsharedtheir
knowledgeandexperienceswithme.
1
• TotheBedouinfamilies whoinvitedmetostaywiththemandparticipateintheirlivesin
2
Wadi XXXl , Nuwaiba and Dahab. I express my deepest gratitude to these families for
theirwarmhospitality.
• TothestaffofXXXCampinXXXfortheirfriendshipandsupport.
• ToXXX,consultant,whocontributedimportantdataandinsights.
Fortheirsupportduringtheconceptualdesignandallthephasesofdrawingupthiswork,I
wouldliketoextendmythankstothefollowingpeople:
• ToProf.Dr.XXXwhohasknownSouthSinaiformanyyearsandsuggestedtometodo
researchonthetourismdevelopmentinSouthSinaiandtheinvolvementoftheBedouin
asearlyas2001,whoofferedtosupervisethisthesisandwhoseexperiencedadvicewas

1
Thenamesofthesefamiliesarewithheldinordertoprotectthemfrompossibleconsequencesthatcouldfollowiftheir
supportoftheresearcherbecameknown.
2
The spelling of Arabic names and terms in this text is largely based on the common English transcription of standard
Arabic. 5
ofgreathelpduringthefieldworkaswellasduringthewritingofthisthesis.Iamalsovery
grateful for his patience and understanding in a very difficult phase of my life and his
continoussupportandbeliefinmycapabilities.
• ToProf.Dr.XXX,theXXXXXXXXX XXXandprofessorduringmystudiesformyfirst
degree. The valuable knowledge that I gained in his absorbing lectures on tropical
geographyanddevelopingcountriesbuiltafoundationforthepreparationofthisthesis.
• TotheStudienstiftungdesdeutschenVolkesfortheirfinancialsupportinthisproject.
• ToProf.Dr.XXX,mostofallforherappreciationandencouragementaswellasforher
commentsonadraftofthisthesis.
• TomygoodandlongyearfriendXXXforviewingthroughadraftversionofthisthesis.
• To XXX and XXX for providing a conducive working atmosphere when it was most
needed.
• Tomyhusband,XXX,forhissupport,encouragement,patienceandunderstanding.
• TomyparentsforlettingmegrowtobewhoIamandhelpingmetodoallmystudyand
travelprojects.Tothem,myfamilyandallotherfriendsforalwaysbeingthereforme.


AndreavonSarnowski August2010

6
Table of Contents 6
List of Tables 10
List of Figures 10
List of Maps 10
List of Fotos 11
List of Abbreviations 11


Table of Contents

1. Introduction 13
1.1 Probems and Objectives 15
1.2 Outline of the Study 15

2. Indigenous People, Tourism Development and the Livelihood Systems
Approach 19
2.1 The Indigenous Peoples’ Plight: Second Class Citizens of Nation States 19
2.2 International Support for Indigenous Peoples 21
2.3 Approaches to a Definition of “Indigenous People” 23
2.4 Tourism as a Chance For Development and its Impact on Indigenous Peoples 26
2.4.1 Benefits of Tourism Development 26
2.4.2 Costs of Tourism Development 27
2.4.3 Structures of Power and the Distribution of Benefits from Tourism 28
2.5 The Livelihood Systems Approach (LSA) 28
2.5.1 Context, Conditions and Trends 29
2.5.2 Livelihood Resources 31
2.5.3 Institutional Processes and Organizational Structures 31
2.5.4 Livelihood Strategies 32
2.5.5 Sustainable or Unsustainable Livelihood? 32

3. South Sinai Bedouin: Arabs, Ethnic Minority and Indigenous People? 35
3.1 Concepts of Ethnicity 36
3.1.1 The Primordial View 36
3.1.2 Situational or Instrumental Perspectives 36
3.1.3 Self-identification 36
3.2 The South Sinai Bedouin – Arabs or Arabs? 37
3.2.1 Genealogy 37
3.2.2 Arabhood and the Dynamic Concept of Ethnic Identity 37
3.2.3 Self-definition as the Decisive Argument/Factor 40
3.3 South Sinai Bedouin – an Indigenous People? 41
7
4. Methods of Data Collection and Analysis 45
4.1 The Selection of the Study Area 45
4.2 Material 47
4.3 Choice of Data Collection Method 48
4.3.1 Limited Existing Knowledge about the Situation in Sinai 48
4.3.2 Autocratic Regime and its Suspicion towards any Kind of Investigation 48
4.3.3 Bedouin Culture and Mentality 49
4.4 Qualitative Research through Semi-structured Interviews 50
4.4.1 Foundations of Qualitative Research 50
4.4.2 The Semi-structured or Problem-centered Interview 51
4.4.3 Development of Key Questions for the Interviews in this Research 52
4.5 Data Collection in Three Field Phases 52
4.5.1 First and Second Field Phase 52
4.5.2 Third Field Phase 53
4.5.3 Interview Strategy – Establishing Trust 54
4.5.4 Recording the Data 55
4.6 Data Processing 56
4.7 Data Analysis and Interpretation 57
4.8 Evaluation of the Applied Methods 57
4.8.1 Finding Respondents 58
4.8.2 The Interview Situation 59
4.8.3 Sensitive Issues 60
4.8.4 Understanding of Language and Culture 61
4.8.5 Quantification 63
4.8.6 Validation 63
4.9 Conclusion 65

5. Context, Conditions and Trends 67
5.1 Location and Physical Geography 67
5.2 Historical Overview 68
5.3 The Bedouin of South Sinai 71
5.3.1 Bedouin Social Organization 72
5.3.2 The Role of the Bedouin Shaikhs in the Rule of Sinai 75
5.3.3 Bedouin Socio-economy in the Past 77
5.4 Development of South Sinai since 1982 and Plans for the Future 82
5.4.1 Present Administration and Political System 82
5.4.2 Significance of South Sinai for Egypt and the “National Project for the
Development of Sinai 1994-2017” 83
5.4.3 Consideration of Bedouin Interests in the “National Project for the
Development of Sinai 1994-2017” and other Government Development
Plans 84
5.4.4 Tourism Development in Sinai 85
8
5.4.5 Characteristics and Locations of South Sinai Tourism Development 87
5.4.6 The Impact of Violent Conflicts on the Tourism Industry 93

6. Livelihood Resources 99
6.1 Natural Capital 99
6.2 Physical Capital 100
6.2.1 Physical Capital Available for Use by the Public 100
6.2.2 Physical Capital Privately Owned by Households 101
6.3 Financial Capital 104
6.4 Human Capital 105
6.4.1 Formal Education 105
6.4.2 Informal Education 108
6.5 Social Capital 109
6.5.1 Formal Types of Social Capital 109
6.5.2 Informal Types of Social Capital 111

7. Institutional Processes and Organisational Structures 113
7.1 The Loss of Control over Land 114
7.1.1 Bedouin and their L