The Role of Protein-Protein Interactions in the Activation Cycle of RAF Kinases Dissertation zur Erlangung desnaturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgradesder Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg vorgelegt von Andreas Fischer aus Neuburg an der Donau Würzburg 2010Eingereicht am: Mitglieder der Promotionskommission:Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Thomas DandekarGutachter : Prof. Dr. Ulf R. RappGutachter: Prof. Dr. Roland Benz Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am: Für meine ElternTable of Contents Summary.............................................................................................................................................7 Zusammenfassung..........................................................................................................................91. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................11 1.1 Protein Phosphorylation and Protein-Protein Interaction – Essential Tools for Signaling Networks......................................................................12 1.1.1 Protein Phosphorylation....................................................................................12 1.1.2 Protein-Protein Interactions.............................................................................13 1.2 The MAP Kinase Signaling Cascade..............................................................................15 1.
The Role of Protein-Protein Interactions in the Activation Cycle of RAF Kinases
Dissertation zur Erlangung des
naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades
der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
vorgelegt von
Andreas Fischer
aus Neuburg an der Donau
Würzburg 2010
Eingereicht am:
Mitglieder der Promotionskommission:
Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Thomas Dandekar
Gutachter : Prof. Dr. Ulf R. Rapp
Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Roland Benz
Tag des Promotionskolloquiums:
Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am:
Für mein e Eltern
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Table of Contents
Summary........7..................................................................................................................................... Zusammenfassung.....................................................................................9..................................... Introduction....................................................11................................................................................... 1.1 Protein Phosphorylation and Protein-Protein Interaction – Essential Tools for Signaling Networks......................................................................12 1.1.1 Protein Phosphorylation....................................................................................12 1.1.2 Protein-Protein Interactions.............................................................................13 1.2 The MAP Kinase Signaling Cascade..............................................................................15 1.2.1 RAF Kinases.............................................................................................................17 1.2.2 Ras – The Path is the Goal ..................................................................................21 1.2.3 Ras – RAF Interaction...........................................................................................23 1.2.4 Prohibitin....................................................................................................................24 1.2.5 The RAF Substrate MEK......................................................................................25 1.2.6 KSR – more than a scaffold................................................................................25 1.2.7 The MAP Kinase ERK...........................................................................................26 1.2.8 14-3-3Proteins........................................................................................................27 1.2.9 Current Model of RAF Activation....................................................................30 Scientiic work...................................................................................................33................................ 2.1B- and C-RAF display essential differences in their binding to Ras: The Isotype Speciic N-terminus of B-RAF Facilitates Ras Binding....................35 2.2Regulation of RAF activity by 14-3-3 proteins: RAF kinases associate functionally with both homo- and heterodimeric forms of 14-3-3 proteins...55 2.3Novel C-Raf phosphorylation sites: serine 296 and 301 participate in Raf regulation.........................................................................................................................37 Discussion................1.8........................................................................................................................... 3.1 Ras and RAF – Tying up for Activation........................................................................82 3.2 14-3-3 proteins – Adaptors for the (conformational) change we need........84 3.3 Fine tuning by feedback....................................................................................................87 References........19.......................................................................................................................... Appendix.......................................................................................................................................1.30.... 5.1 Abbreviations.....................................................................................................................103 5.2 List of Publications...........................................................................................................105 5.3 Poster Abstracts.................................................................................................................106 5.4Erklärung..............................................................................................................................107 5.5 Curriculum....e...Vita................................................................................................801......... 5.6 Danksagung..........................................................................................................................109