The second Jinchuan campaign (1771 - 1776) [Elektronische Ressource] : economic, social and political aspects of an important Qing period border war / vorgelegt von Ulrich Theobald

Der Grause Tybald

Informations

• Publié par: eberhard_karls_universitat_tubingen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 6
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 7 Mo

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The Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771 – 1776)

Economic, Social and Political Aspects
of an Important Qing Period Border War







Dissertation
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades
Doktor der Philosophie der
Philosophischen Fakultät
- ehemalige Fakultät für Kulturwissenschaften (bis 30.09.2010) -
der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen


vorgelegt von Ulrich Theobald
aus Saarlouis
2010








































Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen

Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel, Prof. Dr. Achim Mittag

Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. Dezember 2009

Dekan: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Leonhardt

Verlag: elektronische Publikation bei TOBIAS-lib

Preface

This study was submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Studies (since October 2010 Faculty of
Philosophy) at the Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen as a doctoral thesis. It forms part of a
wider research programme focussed on ‘Monies, Markets and Finance in China and East Asia,
1600 – 1900: Local, Regional, National and International Dimensions’. The funds sponsoring
this study have been generously provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG;
German Research Foundation), to whom I wish to express my sincerest gratitude.
I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Hans Ulrich Vogel, who not only incited in
me the energy to treat a subject that has hitherto received little attention, but also took the
trouble to guide me through the intricate language of the Qing bureaucracy. Without his
advice a lot of the sophisticated arguments of the political actors would not have been
perceived by me. Similarly I have to thank my second assessor, Prof. Dr. Achim Mittag, with
whom I had many a long session brooding over the Qianlong emperor.
I owe special thanks to Ms Dai Yingcong (William Paterson University, NJ) without whose
support this study could not have been written. Not only did she provide me with invaluable
hints as to sources and particular questions, she also encouraged me to carry out a deeper
analysis of the numerous regulations concerning military expenditure.
I am also indebted to Roger Greatrex (Lunds Universitet) for valuable information on the
background of the two Jinchuan wars. My thanks also go to Elisabeth Kaske (Johann
Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Frankfurt), who particularly helped me with queries concerning
the juanna and juanshu contributions.
Likewise I must thank Iwo Amelung from the same institution, who initiated me into the
secrets of the First Historical Archives in Beijing. Special thanks go to Christine Moll-Murata
(Ruhr-Universität Bochum). She not only helped me understand complicated accounting
systems, but also tracked down the relevant regulations for military equipment in the
ordinances of the Ministry of Works.
Not last, I must express my gratitude to Ms Gu Jia, who helped me find my way through the
labyrinth of bureaucratic documents, as well as all the others whom I kept pestering with my
questions: Werner Burger, Thomas Hirzel, Nanny Kim, Jane Kate Leonard, Ms Shan Kunqin,
and Ms Wang Qing.
A final thank you goes to Karl A. Klewer who agreed to put this somewhat dry subject matter
into decent English.
- i - A few words have to be said about transcription and terminology. Chinese names, for persons
and places alike, have been represented in the usual, modern system of pinyin. Apart from a
few exceptions like baturu, girdan, Artai, Iling'a, Ushhada (syllables: er→r, yi→i, wu→u)
this also applies to a large degree to Manchurian names and terms when written in Chinese
characters. Place names in the area around Jinchuan have been represented using my own
system of transcription based on the Chinese pronunciation, as I had nothing but the Chinese
variants at my disposal and the better-known Tibetan names represent only the ‘high Tibetan’
variant. Moreover, since by no means all names of places and persons are known in their
Tibetan written form, I have for the sake of consistency used transcriptions based on Chinese
throughout, instead of writing some in one form and some in another. In this I have adhered to
the following basic principles employing a variant of the International Phonetic System rather
than pinyin (e. g. Dzagu for Zagu, Djoktsai for Zhuokecai, Dandung for Dandong);
simplifying diphthongs (e. g. Sonom for Suonuomu, Meno for Meinuo); omitting vowels at
the end of certain syllables (Bolgu for Bolugu, Gyam for Jiamu, Ekshi for Ekeshi, Byesman
for Biesiman), and velarising palatals (Kyakyagyao for Qiaqiajiao). Exceptions, though, have
been made in the case of place names with a specific meaning such as Bajiaodiao (‘eight-
sided tower’), parts of names that clearly show their meaning like -gou (valley) or -yakou
(head of valley), or the place name Dajianlu, properly Da-rtse-do and according to my system
‘Dagyenlu’.
Imperial China as a highly bureaucratized state traditionally had an astonishing variety of
public offices, each with its own particular title. To translate these into English there exist a
number of aids. Wherever possible I have used Hucker (1985), the standard and authoritative
work of reference although his translations are not always entirely satisfactory. To quote an
example, he renders the title buzhengshi as ‘provincial administration commissioner’, whereas
a closer equivalent might be ‘provincial treasurer’. Also Brunnert/Hagelstrom (1910)
provided invaluable help with the plethora of military ranks and military terminology in
general. Since this book, as opposed to Hucker, only deals with the late 19th and early 20th
century it is more exact, especially regarding the titles of the Manchu elite of the Qing
dynasty and the ranks within the different military units. All the same even these authors have
left gaps, especially when it comes to the lower ranks. These I have taken the liberty of re-
translating according to their context. Appendix 1 contains a list of the offices, titles and ranks
that are of particular relevance to this study as well as to the Junxu zeli, (the ‘[Accounting]
rules for military expenditure’), along with their translations.


Tübingen, Spring 2009
- ii -

Contents

1. FUNDS AND SUPPLIES FOR WAR 1-25

2. THE JINCHUAN ISSUE 26-92
2.1. The Region and its Inhabitants 26
2.2. The Failing of Traditional Indirect Rule 34
2.3. The First Jinchuan War (1747-1749) 39
2.4. Intermittent Feuds 56
2.5. The Second Jinchuan War (1771-1776) 62
2.6. ‘Reconstruction’ and Restructuring 85
2.7. What Were the Jinchuan Campaigns Good for? 89

3. THE COST OF STAFF 93-184
3.1. Military Officials (Officers) and Soldiers 95
3.1.1. Baggage Pay 110
3.1.2. Salt-and-vegetable Money and Daily Rations 121
3.2. Civilian Officials 134
3.3. Hired Porters, Labourers and Workmen 144
3.4. Extraordinary Allowances 169
3.4.1. Rewards 169
3.4.2. Compensations for Killed and Wounded 175
3.5. Conclusion 180

4. THE COST OF HORSES, FOOD AND MATERIALS 185-290
4.1. The War Logistics Bureau(s) 185
4.2. Horses and Mules 188
4.2.1. Horses for the Courier Service 191
4.2.2. Some More Regulations Concerning the Courier Service 201
4.2.3. Riding and Pack-horses for the Troops 202
4.2.4. Regulations for the Triumphant Return by Horse and by Boat 209
4.2.5. War Horses 212
4.3. Grain 214
4.3.1. The Supply Lines 214
4.3.2. The Origin of Rice and Other Grain 215
4.3.3. Expenditure for and Distribution of Rice and Other Food 219
4.4. Military Equipment 225
4.4.1. Weaponry 225
Cannons – Types and Equipment – Cannonballs – Charcoal Burning – Fuses – Muskets
and Bullets – Gunpowder – Arrows – Other Weapons Mentioned in the Sources –
Standard Equipment of the Troops
4.4.2. Housing and Living 259
Cooking Utensils – Tents – Clothing – Medicine
4.5. Stationery 274
4.6. Transport Tools 274
4.7. Infrastructure and Defense 278
4.8. Zones of Activity 280
4.9. Conclusion 283
- iii - 5. EXPENDITURE—WHAT WAS THE MONEY SPENT ON? 291-316
5.1. Accounting Methods and Regulations 291
5.2. The Final Accounting of the Second Jinchuan Campaign 295
5.2.1. The Total Costs of the Second Jinchuan Campaign Disputed 296
5.2.2. The Total Costs in Detail 297
5.2.3. Some Thoughts on Current Expenses During the War 309
5.3. Conclusion 314

6. INCOME—WHO DEFRAYED THE COSTS FOR THE CAMPAIGN? 317-378
6.1. Contributions by the State 322
6.1.1. Central and Provincial Governments 322
6.1.2. The Local Governments 338
6.2. Contributions by Merchants 346
6.2.1. The juanna / juanshu System 346
6.2.2. Contributions During the Second Jinchuan Campa