Vulnerability to drought risk and famine [Elektronische Ressource] : local responses and external interventions among the Afar of Ethiopia, a study on the Aghini pastoral community / submitted by Ali Hassen

Wegener

Sujets

• Social work

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_bayreuth
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 43
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Vulnerability to Drought Risk and Famine:
Local Responses and External Interventions
among the Afar of Ethiopia, a Study on the
Aghini Pastoral Community








Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades
der Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und
Geowissenschaften der
Universität Bayreuth

Vorgelegt von Ali Hassen
Bayreuth, 2008







Vulnerability to Drought Risk and Famine: Local Responses and
External Interventions among the Afar of Ethiopia, a Study on the
Aghini Pastoral Community









Dissertation submitted by
Ali Hassen












Department of Social Geography
Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Earth Sciences
University of Bayreuth
Germany
January 2008








Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in der Zeit von Juli 2004 bis Januar 2008 unter der Leitung von
Herrn Prof. Dr. Müller-Mahn am Lehrstuhl für Bevölkerungs-und Sozialgeographie
angefertigt.




Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften der
Universität Bayreuth genehmigten Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines
Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.rer.nat.).







Date of submission: 15 January 2008
Date of examination: 25 February 2008





Thesis Committee


PD. Dr. Schmied, Doris (Chairperson)
Professor Dr. Müller-Mahn, Detlef (First Promoter)
Professor Dr. Lohnert, Beate (Second Promoter)
Professor Dr. Popp, Herbert
Professor Dr. Matuschewski, Anke


Table of Contents

List of Tables, Boxes, Maps, Figures and Appendices vi
Glosary ix
Abbreviations x
Acknowledgment xii
Abstract in English xiii
Zusammenfassung in Deutsch (Abstract in German) xv

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

1.1. Overview 1
1.2. Th StudyArea 3
1.3. The Research Problem in Context 4
1.3.1. Background to the Problem 4
1.3.2. Statement of the Problem 6
1.3.3. Hypotheses 7
1.4. Scope and Objective of the study 7
1.5. Definitions of Concepts, Conceptual Framework /Approach of the Study 8
1.5.1. Conceptual Framework /Approach 8
1.5.2. Definitions of Concepts 8
1.6. Methodology and Data Collection Instruments 9
1.6.1. The Study Approach and Units of Data Collection 9
1.6.2. Data Type and Collection Process 10
1.6.3. Collection Instruments 11
1.6.4. Analysis and Presentation 14

Chapter 2: Review of Concepts, Theories and Approaches 16

2.1.Theoretical Definitions of Concepts 17
2.2.Discussion on Conceptualization of Disaster, Risk and Hazard 24
2.3.Approach of Social Sciences to Disaster 26
2.3.1. The History of Social Theory of Disaster 26
2.3.2. Disciplinary Perspectives on Disaster 28
2.4.Famine Theories 33
2.4.1. Neo-Malthusian 34
2.4.2. The Environmental ‘Supply-side’ Explanations 35
2.4.3. Economic Theories of Famine 35
2.4.4. The Political Economy Approach and Human Rights 38
2.4.5. Sumary 41
2.5.Frameworks and Models of Disaster Risk and Vulnerability 41
2.5.1. Capacities and Vulnerabilities Analysis (CVA) 42
2.5.2. Pressure and Release/Access Models 42
2.5.3. Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) 45
2.5.4. Sumary 6
2.6.Vulnerability Perspective 47
2.6.1. The Evolution of Approaches to Vulnerability 47
2.6.2. The Theorization of Social Vulnerability 51
2.6.3. Resilience and Adaptation 53
2.6.4. Sumary 56

Chapter 3: Pastoralism, Development Approaches and Drought/Famine
in East Africa 9

3.1. General Background to Pastoralism 59
3.1.1. Pastoralism: Definition and Classification 59
3.1.2. Discourse on Pastoralism 62
3.1.2.1. The Future of Pastoralism 62
3.1.2.2. Changing Perspectives to Pastoralism 65
3.2 Pastoralism and Development Policy Orientations: East African Context 68
3.2.1. Pastoralists and State Policies in East African Countries 68
3.2.2. Pastoralists’ Vulnerability to Multiple Risks in East Africa 76
3.2.3. Pastoralists’ Adaptive and Coping Strategies 79
3.2.3.1. General Description of Coping and Adaptive
Strategies in the Literature 79
3.2.3.2. Adaptive and Coping Strategies of Pastoralists 82
3.2.3.2.1. Pastoralists’ Adaptive Strategies 82
3.2.3.2.2. Pastoralists’ Coping Strategies to Food Crisis 87
3.2.3.2.3. Drought Recovery Strategies 90
3.2.4. Preliminary Conclusions 91
3.3 Pastoralism, Socio-Political Processes, Development Policies and Famine:
Ethiopian Context 93
3.3.1. The General Condition of Pastoralists 93
3.3.2. Socio-Political Processes and Previous Development
Approaches to Pastoralism 99
3.3.2.1. The Colonial Legacy
3.3.2.2. The Internal Socio-political Processes 100
3.3.2.3. The Past Development Approaches/Policies
and their Consequences 102
3.3.3. Preliminary Conclusions 106
3.3.4. The Current Government Development Approaches to Pastoralism 108
3.3.4.1. Constitutional Provisions 108
3.3.4.2. (Rural) Development Policies and Strategies 110
3.3.4.3. The Pastoral Policy 114
3.3.4.4. National Policy on Disaster Prevention and Management 115
3.3.5. Preliminary Conclusions 122
3.3.6. Pastoralists’ Vulnerability to Multiple Risks 124

Chapter Four: The Afar Pastoralists: History, Political Structure and
Social Organizations 130

4.1.Location, Administrative Structure and Population 130
4.2.History of Afar People and their Changing Relationship with the State 133
iii
4.2.1. Origin of theAfar People 133
4.2.2. The Afar Sultanates and their Relation with the Central State 133
4.3.The Afar Social and Political Organizations 137
4.3.1. Major Branches of the Afar: Adohimara and Asahimara 137
4.3.2. Tribal and Clan Structures: Social and Political Organizations 139
4.3.3. Clan and Lineage 143
4.3.4. Leadership Structure 145
4.3.5. Conflict Management and Resolution 150
4.4.Concluding Summary 154

Chapter 5: The Afar Pastoral Economy: Historical and Situational Assessment 157

5.1.Climate, the Resource Base and Land Use Systems 157
5.1.1.Climate 157
5.1.2.Natural Resources Base 158
5.1.3.Vegetation and Land cover 159
5.1.4.Rural Land Use systems 160
5.2.Livelihoods of Afar Pastoralists 161
5.2.1.The Afar System of Livestock Production 161
5.2.2.Customary Resource and Herd Management Strategies 164
5.2.3.The Increased Involvement of Afar Pastoralists in Non-pastoral Activities:
Trade and Crop Cultivation 170
5.2.4.Relation with State and Neighbours 172
5.2.4.1.State-Society Relation 172
5.2.4.2.Relation with Neighbouring Pastoralists and Cultivators 180
5.2.5.Concluding Summary: The Current Predicaments 183

Chapter 6: Case Study: The Aghini Clan/Pastoral Community 187

6.1.Local Livelihood Resources and Their Trends 187
6.1.1.Natural Resources 188
6.1.2.Financial capital (Livestock Assets) 197
6.1.3.Social Capital (Social Networks and Mutual-Help) 200
6.1.4.Physical Capital (Infrastructures) 201
6.1.5.Human Capital: Labour Availability, Literacy and Health Status 201
6.2.The Livelihood Activities/Strategies in the Study Community 205
6.2.1.Livestock Production and Crop Cultivation 205
6.2.2.Additional Livelihood Activities (Migration and trading) 208
6.3.Ecological/Environmental and Social Changes from the Local People’s Perspective 213
6.3.1.Degradation of Range Resources 214
6.3.2.Loss of Water Points 217
6.3.3.Increased Cycle of Drought and Erratic Rainfall 219
6.3.4.Loss of Dry Season/drought Retreats and Restriction of Mobility 222
6.3.5.Resource Conflicts with Neighbouring Groups 223
6.3.6.Local People’s Perception of Risks and Livelihood Trends 229
6.4.Views of Local People towards External Actors and Interventions 234
6.4.1.Local People’s Relations with External Actors (State and their Neighbours):
iv
Past and Present 234
6.4.2.Local People’s View on External Interventions and Local Governance 238
6.4.2.1.Development Interventions and Responses to Livelihood
Shocks/Famines 238
6.4.2.2.Local People’ Views on Livestock Development Programme
and Irrigation Development 238
6.4.2.3.Local People’s Views on the Previ