SOUTH-INDIAN IMAGES OF GODS ANDGODDESSESOF MADRAS GOVERNMENTAGENTS FOR THE SALEPUBLICATIONS.IN INDIA.Madia*,A COMBRIDC.U &.CoA C BARRAUD & Co. (Late J. ),R. CAMDRAY & CalcuttaCo.,MadmaE. M. GOPATAKRibHNA KOMI;, PudumantapAin,Mount Madras.HIGGINBOTHAMS (Ltd.), Road,Madias.V KALYANAKAMA IYEK 5. Co., Esplanade,HAM MadrasG C LQGAINAI BROTHERS,S. & MadiasMURTHY Co.,&. Co MadiasG A. NATESAN,The NA/AIK KANUN HIM* Allahabad.Superintendent, PRI$SP. R RAMA IYER & Co Madias.,D. B TARAPOREVALA SONS &Co, BombayTHACKER & Co. (Ltd ), Bombay.SPINK , Co Calcutta,THACKER,S VAS & Co Madras.,MadrasS P C K. Press,IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.B H and Broad CKfoid.BLACKWKU., 50 51, Street,ix W.C.CONSTABLE Orange LeiccstciCo., 10, Street, Square, London,BELL& Co.DEIGHTON, (Ltd ), Camhudgc.T UNWJNFISHER W.C.(Ltd.), %, Adclphi Terrace, London,GKINDLAY& Parliament S.W.Co., 54, Sticet, London,KEGAN TRUIJNER & Co. CartaPAUL, TRLNCH, (Ltd.), 6874, Lane, London,E Cl and Museum W CStreet, London,|&HENR\ S. & K.C.ANC* 65,tornlnll, London,CjB^P S. KING &. 2 and Smith S,W.SON, Sticet, Westminster, London,4)-w^patLUZAC & Gicat RussellCo., 46, W.C.Street, London,B Street, New Bond W.QuAMicV IT, Stieet, London,G^tfi^onW. TACiv^3& Co K.C.,V CieedAcAc, London,OLIVER AND BOYJD, Edinburgh.Tweeddalefci^,irt,E. PONSONDY Giafton Dublin.(Ltd.), 116, Street,\V ON THE CONTINENT.ERNEST RueLEROUX, 28, Pans.Bonaparte,MARIINUS The HollandNIJHOFF, Hague,THE TAN TEMPI E ...
SOUTH-INDIAN IMAGES OF GODS AND
GODDESSESOF MADRAS GOVERNMENTAGENTS FOR THE SALE
PUBLICATIONS.
IN INDIA.
Madia*,A COMBRIDC.U &.CoA C BARRAUD & Co. (Late J. ),
R. CAMDRAY & CalcuttaCo.,
MadmaE. M. GOPATAKRibHNA KOMI;, PudumantapAin,
Mount Madras.HIGGINBOTHAMS (Ltd.), Road,
Madias.V KALYANAKAMA IYEK 5. Co., Esplanade,
HAM MadrasG C LQGAINAI BROTHERS,
S. & MadiasMURTHY Co.,
&. Co MadiasG A. NATESAN
,
The NA/AIK KANUN HIM* Allahabad.Superintendent, PRI$S
P. R RAMA IYER & Co Madias.
,
D. B TARAPOREVALA SONS &Co
, Bombay
THACKER & Co. (Ltd ), Bombay.
SPINK , Co Calcutta
,THACKER,
S VAS & Co Madras.
,
MadrasS P C K. Press,
IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
B H and Broad CKfoid.BLACKWKU., 50 51, Street,
ix W.C.CONSTABLE Orange LeiccstciCo., 10, Street, Square, London,
BELL& Co.DEIGHTON, (Ltd ), Camhudgc.
T UNWJNFISHER W.C.(Ltd.), %, Adclphi Terrace, London,
GKINDLAY& Parliament S.W.Co., 54, Sticet, London,
KEGAN TRUIJNER & Co. CartaPAUL, TRLNCH, (Ltd.), 6874, Lane, London,
E Cl and Museum W C
Street, London,|&
HENR\ S. & K.C.ANC* 65,tornlnll, London,CjB^
P S. KING &. 2 and Smith S,W.SON, Sticet, Westminster, London,4)-w^pat
LUZAC & Gicat RussellCo., 46, W.C.Street, London,
B Street, New Bond W.QuAMicV IT, Stieet, London,G^tfi^on
W. TACiv^3& Co K.C.,V CieedAcAc, London,
OLIVER AND BOYJD, Edinburgh.Tweeddalefci^,irt,
E. PONSONDY Giafton Dublin.(Ltd.), 116, Street,
\
V ON THE CONTINENT.
ERNEST RueLEROUX, 28, Pans.Bonaparte,
MARIINUS The HollandNIJHOFF, Hague,THE TAN TEMPI E.TORESOUTH-INDIAN IMAGES
OF
ANDGODS GODDESSES
BY
H. KRISHNA RAOSASTRI, B.A., SAHEB,
tntAtMstant Aichceological Sit intendpet foi hfaqtapliy,
Southern Circle
Published under the the Government Madras.authority of of
MADRAS GOVERNMENT PRESS
1916a madebook o\Se^s its tolittle suggestionorigin
when he wasTHIS LordHis Carmichael,by Excellency
in the He feltGovernor of Madras 1912. that,year
with Hindua multitude of bookswhile there was dealing
therewith Hinduand iconography,religion incidentally
informationwould110 handbook whichwas givepopular
orsees inoneabout the templescommonlyimages
ait would beand thatmuseums in Southern India,
want. Thethatuseful tothing supplydistinctly
task toentrusted the me,Madras Government presu-
me often toofficial dutiesbecause verybringmymably
and toin Provincethe various the studyvisit temples
found therein.and theclassify images
aware ofthe I was notWhen I fullytask,accepted
firstme. In thethat beforethe difficulties place,lay
in Sanskrit or infewthere were books,very printed
andthe orthodoxthat descriptiontranslations, gave
And wheninof the set temples.images upsignificance
few oldcollate notes from aI to manuscripts'managed
init was almostof this impossiblesubject,treating
whichtheto reconcileseveral instances discrepancies
the technical termseven to understandshowed orthey
theIn someabounded in them. cases,which descrip-
found in the local chroniclestion of a imageparticular
as.could not be traced in theAor Sthala-Pnrdnas gam
that I have steered clearam notI sanguinealtogether
in a clearand succeededof these difficulties presenting
to the reader.readable accountand averagevi PREFACE
source of information inchief thisMy compiling
u
excellent workbook has been an entitled Tattvanidhi,"
the Sri-Venkatesvara Steam Press atpublished by
and His thebyBombay, compiled Highness Maharaja
Bahadur ofMummadi Krishnaraja Vodeyar Mysore.
A of other Sanskrit worksshort consultedbibliography
xv.me is atby given page
whothe friends havemany kindlyAmong helped
thanks areme in this due to Sir H.task, my special J.
F.S Director-GeneralMarshall, Kt., C.I.E., LITT.D., A.,M.A.,
of and his assistant Mr. V. NatesaSimla,x^rchaeology,
ancientfor extracts from on theB.A.,Aiyar, manuscripts
of Indian , to Mr. A. H.subject iconography Longhurst,
Southern for theCircle,Archaeological Superintendent,
numerous illustrations without which the book would
be and to Mr. C. S.almost Anantarama
;unintelligible
to thethe Under Government ofAiyar, Secretary
valuable criticism which hasfor much been ofMadras,
me. thanks are alsoassistance to due to Mr.great My
GovernmentT. Fisher, Press, Madras,Superintendent,
for his kind about the ofsuggestionsmany get-up
the book and a of the numerousarrangementpractical
illustrations.
OOTACAMUND,
Hist KRISHNA SASTRI.Apnl 7916.TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER i.
INTRODUCTORY.
TAGLb
and ofTemples and the ofimages, subject Ajfi//ias bilpa-bastm* ; origin
stone Theirin the Pallavatemples peiiod (page li.) development
m the a Saiva from aChola toperiod (2) Signs distinguish temple
ritual followed in annualVaishnava temple ; generally temples ;
festivals Ritual in of . ... i(7) 9(^f.) temples village-deities
CHAPTER II.
BRAHMA
Not his andas the chief in adeity temple ; images generalworshipped
io-~l6Various forms illustrations .. ... ...description , (n)(10)
IIICHAPTER
VISHNU
His Incarnations Boar incarnation and(22)general description (17)
the reverence to it the South-Indian Man-paid by early kings (22f.)
lion incarnation and its varieties Dwarf incarnation(24!.) (jof )
Rama Krishna incarnation and varieties(3$f ) (3/f )
Buddha and Kalki incarnations PadmanaKha or(47) Anantasaym,
Lakshmi-Ranganatha (5of ) Jalasayana, Vaikuntha-Narayana,
and Vishnu TheNarayana, Garuda-Narayana Yogesvara- (52! ) 24
forms of Vishnu and Venkatesa
,general Plnduranga, Uayagriva
01 Vishvaksena and GarudaManmatha,(55f.) Pradyumna (62f.)
Hanuman stones ...(64f.) Sudarsana(66f.) Saligrarna (/of ) 17 71
CHAPTER IV.
SIVA.
His and their non-sectarian oftemples nature, l^tt^a^ s>mbol Siva;
its and varietiessignificance, dcscuption (72f.)~~Subsidiary images
toin a Siva attached his formstemple , importance sportive (74f.)
Rudramuiti its and varietiesThe foim , Panoha-general description ;
dehamurti and hisMaha-Sadasiva (76f.) and several dan-Natarija
The Chidambaram, itscing postures (77!") temple ; history (88f.)
and his various formsDakshmamurti (89f.) -Lingodbhava (93f.)
Bhikshatana and Mohim Katxkalamtirti
(9/f.) (103) Ivalyana*
sundaianciGrti Somaskanda and albed forms(iO3f.) (i07f)TABLE OF CONTENTSviii
Vrihharudha Chandrasekharamurti ) Ardhanaii(li4f.(113?)
Harihara (i25f.) Gangadhara (129!")(I2of) (125) Gajahamurti
Kalahaianiurti Nilakantha) (iS/f ) Tripurantakamurti(i$2f
(I4of.) Kiiataijunamuitj (i4if.) Chandesanugrahamurti (l43f )
Sarabhamurti (1475) Pasupatamuiti, Rakshoghnamurti, Aghdra-
Bhaira\a and his vanous Mahakala andmuiti, forms, Kalagni-
Rudra Virabhadra and his various forms Kshetia-
(148!".) (1555.)
andChandesa,pala (isqf ) Nandlsa, Bhrmglsa Jxaradeva (l6if )
foims his Skanda andand his variousGanapali ; popularity (i65f.)
hishis different forms the of . ...; antiquity worship (i77f) 72 183
,CHAPTER V.
SAKTI-GODDESSES.
Then Then division into three classes and then(184)significance
on unitas and Sarasvati and herchakras, pjthas\\orship y (185)
Lakshmi and her different formsdifferent foims (i85f ) (187^)
VishnuThe of Generaleight energies personified (189) description
of Gaurl or Parvati The Sakti(190) Saptamatnkas (190!".) god-
desses Vaishnavite .symbols Chamnnda, Mahishasura-holding Durga,
mardini and Maha-Lakshmi Kalaratri,(196 211) Tvarita, Tnpuia-
Sura,Bhaira\i, Vajiaprastarmi, Suiapriya, Srivid^aclevl, Pranasakti,
Svasthavesmi, Satruvidhvamsmi, Ugra-Tara, Dhiamravatl, SuhnT,
Sitaladevi, Bhutamata and SivaclutlPratjangira, Tnkantakidevi,
(2iif ) Jyeshtha-Lakshmi (2i6f ) Bala-Tripurasundari, Saubhag-
Savitri andyabhuvanesvari, Annapurna, Gayatri, Saras\ati, Tulaja-
T
\ Kurukulla andBhavani, Rajamatangi, Laghusyamala, aruni,
andVindh>avasini [2i8f.)~Lalita, Tupuiasundari jRajarajes\ari
their on and Stz-chttktaBala-yantra (zzof ) -222worship 184-
.CHAPTER VI.
VILLAGE DEITIES.
Their traceable to Tantrik names of a few of; themorigin goddesses
Their and Ceremonies(223f.) \\oiship worshippers (226) peculiar
deitiesto oftemples village , Draupadi temples a.\\&karagam (226f )
Sati-\v and the .orship fire-vvalkmg ceiemony (229) Village gods
and
; devil-dancesAi>anar Kartippannasarm (229f ) Ileio-woiship
... . ..(234; . 223234
CHAPTER VII.
MISCELLANEOUS DEITIES.
The nine Planets The Sun his and the(235) , description bufya-yantni
The Moon and the other Planets) The(235f (239f ) Dikpalakas
Indra, Yama, and KuberaAgm, Nanrita, Varuna, Vayu (24if The)
TheNagas (248!.) demi-gods Yakshas, Vidyadharas, andetc.,
Saints and TheDvarapalas (2Sif ) sages three(2545) religious
Sana and Vaishnava saintsreformers; (259^ jaina images
Pedestals, and of(z62f) postures, symbols, weapons jewellery
.. . ...images f26$f) 235272LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
TheFRONTISPTECK. Tanjoie temple.
i.FIG. Narasimha .Gopura, temple ; Mangalagui
cj
2. Back view central Sivaof,, shrine, temple; Gangaikonda- 6..... 8solapuram
tankHandranadi,, ; Mannargudi3. g
Madura . . .Processional ,4. images (metal) I2
^-utensils Uttatluiand .Lamp patterns /#/ ,5. 13
Brahma Seven . .6. .
; Pagoda^ .14
Do. Kumbakonam . . .
7.9J -15
Tiruvadi . . . . ,8. Do. 16
and Sarasvatl . .Brahma ; .18,, 9. kandiyur
10. on swan vehicle Chidambaram
, .
ic;
n. .Vishnu ; . .20(Ashtabhuja) Conjeeveram
.
. . . . ,12. 2 iVishnu, Bellary
Do. .,, .13. Paramesvaramangalam 23
Vishnu and his consorts ,
,14. Aiiyamba-kkam 25
Boar incarnation of Vishnu St-ven .
;,, 15. Pagodas 27
16. Narasimha forth from the Ahobalam 28,, bursting pillar;
do. .17. Ugia-Narasiniha 29
18. Do Madras Museum . ,
;(metal) 31
Hill . .,, ;19. Yoga-Narasimha Tmipati .3^
.20. Tnvikrama Seven,, , . .Pagodas $4
2j. Do. KumbakOnaiu . . . .36
22. Vamana Namakkal . . ,
, . . ^
Rama and Raine-;varam
, .23. group (metal) 40
Krishna tied to a mortar Pcnukonda . .24. , ,42
Bala-Butter-dance of Krishna Madras Museum
;25 (metal) 44
of26, Serpent-dance Kfihya-Krishna do.(metal) 4^
do.27. Venu-Gopala 46
28. Little . .
.,, Madana-Gopala; (Conjeeverani 48
Govardhana-Kiishna Seven29. ,?J Pagodas
Krishna on the Kumbakonam30. puniitii~\xw ,,, (wood) 40
Faithasarathi31. Bhagavad-Gitdto ;teaching Arjuna Pushjja- 51
lri
53
Seven,, 32. Anantasayin ; Pagodas ....
Niimakkalv33- Vaik