Innovation tomorrow

European Commission Directorate-General For Enterprise And Industry

Description

Innovation policy and the regulatory framework : making innovation an integral part of the broader structural agenda
Research policy and organisation
Education policy
Enterprise
Target audience: All

Sujets

• Small and medium enterprises

Informations

• Publié par: EUROPEAN-COMMISSION-DIRECTORATE-GENERAL-FOR-ENTERPRISE-AND-INDUSTRY
• Nombre de lectures: 129
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

European Innovation papers No 28
Commission
Innovation tomorrow
A publication from the Innovation/SMEs programme part of the Fifth Research Framework ProgrammeEuropean Commission
Innovation tomorrow
Innovation policy and the regulatory framework:
Making innovation an integral part of the
broader structural agenda
Louis Lengrand & Associés
PREST (University of Manchester)
ANRT - France
Innovation papers No 28
Directorate-General for Enterprise
EUR 17052LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf ofthe Commission is
responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.
The views in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies
of the European Commission.
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002
ISBN 92-894-4549-1
© European Communities, 2002
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Printed in
PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPERLEGAL NOTICE
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf ofthe Commission is
responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.
The views in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies
of the European Commission.
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002
ISBN 92-894-4549-1
ffFFLDL European Communities, 2002
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Printed in
PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPEREXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8CONTENTS
Innovation 8
Innovation Performance, Innovation Policy, and the
Knowledge-Based Economy 9
The Target: Third Generation Innovation Policy 10
Main Policy Recommendations 12
A Note on the Study 17
A Note on the Methodology Employed 18
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 19
3
1- INNOVATION POLICY AND THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK -
AN ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW 21
2- INNOVATORY FRAMEWORK -
TOWARDS A MORE DETAILED ANALYSIS 26
2.1 Introduction: the Study's Background and Approach 26
2.2 The Issues 27
2.3 Top-down and bottom-up approaches 29
3- INNOVATION AND THE KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY 32
3.1 Introduction: Key Features of the Knowledge-Based Economy 32
3.1.1 Three Key Characteristics 32
3.1.2 Structural Indicators 33
3.2 Services and Intangibles 35
3.3 Information Technology and Information Society 36
3.4 Learning Organisations: Knowledge and Human Resources 38
3.5 Innovation and the Knowledge-Based Economy 40
3.6 The Changing Innovation Process 41
3.6.1 Services and Intangibles 41
3.6.2 Information Technology and Information Society 41
3.6.3 Knowledge, learning and human resources 42
3.6.4 Innovation Policy 44
3.7 A Third Generation Innovation Policy 49
3.8 Policy Making Processes 51
Innovation tomorrowCONTENTS
4- LESSONS FROM THE CASE STUDIES 53
4.1 Public Governance in the UK Small Business R&D Tax Credit 53
4.1.1 Task 1 - Coupling perspectives 55
4.1.2 Task 2 - Meeting stakeholders expectations 57
4.1.3 Task 3 - Focus on innovation performance to create
a feedback loop 59
4.1.4 Wider Issues 59
4.2 Macroeconomic Conditions, Growth and Employment
in the Innovation System in Finland 60
4.2.1Macro economic condition for innovation : expanding R&D 61
4.2.2 Business oriented universities, the engine for growth in
the innovation regime 63
4.2.3 Powerful municipalities: The employment driver
through innovation efficiency at the local level 65
4.3 Entrepreneurship and the Culture of innovation, Relationship between 4
Industry and Science, and R&D and Innovation Activities in the
Catalan Region 66
4.3.1 Entrepreneurship and culture of innovation 68
4.3.2 Building science-based dynamic interfaces 71
4.3.3 Macroeconomic condition: annual increase of R&D 73
4.4 Conclusions 74
5- INNOVATION AND CHANGE ACROSS POLICY AREAS: THE REFORM OF
REGULATORY POLICIES AND GOVERNANCE PROCESSES 76
5.1 Introduction 76
5.2 Regulatory Reform 79
5.2.1 Background 79
5.2.2 Regulatory Effectiveness and Alternative Approaches 81
5.2.3 Regulatory Reform and Innovation Policy 83
5.3 Governance 87
5.3.1 Background 87
5.3.2 The White Paper on European Governance 88
5.3.3 Innovation and Governance 89
5.3.4 Conclusions 91
5.4 Overall Conclusions on Reform Processes 92
6- INNOVATION AND SPECIFIC POLICY AREAS: RELATIONS IN FLUX 94
6.1 Introduction 94
6.2 Competition 96
6.2.1 Overview 96
6.2.2 Main policy drivers and issues 97
6.2.3 Implications 100
Innovation tomorrowCONTENTS
6.3 Trade 100
6.3.1 Overview 100
6.3.2 Drivers of Change 102
6.3.3 Trade and innovation 104
6.3.4 Implications 106
6.4 Intellectual Policy Rights (IPR) 107
6.4.1 Overview 107
6.4.2 Drivers of Change 109
6.4.3 Policy Perspectives 112
6.4.4 IPR, Trade and Development 113
6.4.5 Implications 116
6.5 Enterprise 117
6.5.1 Overview 117
6.5.2 Drivers of Change 118
6.5.3 Implications 120
6.6 Research 121
6.6.1 Overview 121 5
6.6.2 Research policy and innovation policy 123
6.6.3 Institutional flexibility and innovation 124
6.6.4 Implications 125
6.7 Information and Communications Technologies (ICT)
and e-government 125
6.7.1 Overview 125
6.7.2 Drivers of Change 130
6.7.3 Policy perspectives 132
6.7.4 Implications 132
6.8 Financial Services and Risk Capital 134
6.8.1 Background 134
6.8.2 Innovation finance: drivers of change and policy responses 136
6.8.3 Implications 140
6.9 Education and Culture 141
6.9.1 Overview 141
6.9.2 Drivers of Change 144
6.9.3 European level considerations 146
6.9.4 Social trends and culture 147
6.9.5 Implications 148
6.10 Taxation 149
6.10.1 Background 149
6.10.2 Taxation policy on innovation 150
6.10.3 The role of innovation in taxation policy 152
6.10.4 Implications 153
6.11 Regional Policy 154
6.11.1 Background 154
6.11.2 Regional policy and innovation 154
6.11.3 Drivers for changes in regional policy 157
6.11.4 Implications 158
Innovation tomorrowCONTENTS
6.12 Employment 159
6.12.1 Overview 159
6.12.2 Drivers of Change and Policy Perspectives 163
6.12.3 Implications 166
6.13 Environment 167
6.13.1 Background 167
6.13.2 Effects of environmental policy on innovation 169
6.13.3 The role of innovation in environmental policy 169
6.13.4 The main policy instruments 170
6.13.5 Rethinking the link between environmental controls
and innovation 171
6.13.6 Implications 172
6.14 End Note 173
7- MAJOR ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS 174
7.1 Introduction 1746
7.2 Creating Third Generation Policy 176
7.3 Some Contours of Third Generation Policy 179
REFERENCES 186
ANNEXE 1 MEMBERS OF THE HIGH LEVEL WORKING GROUP 192
ANNEXE 2 MEMBERS OF THE STUDY TEAM 193
ANNEXE 3 CASE STUDY REPORTS 194
Innovation tomorrowLIST OF FIGURES
Figures numbers refer to the paragraph of the document which they illustrate. LIST OF
FIGURES
Figure 1.1 - The Knowledge-Based Economy and Innovation Policy 25
Figure 3.1 - Globalisation and Characteristics of the Knowledge-Based Economy 33
Figure 6.3a - Share of High-Tech Products in Exports, EU countries, Japan and USA 101
Figure 6.4a - Patent applications to the European Patent Office (EPO) per million
inhabitants 104
Figure 6.4b - Patents granted by the United States Patent Office (USPTO)
per million inhabitants 104
Figure 6.5a - Attitudes to Entrepreneurial Risk, Europe and USA 118
Figure 6.5b - Sectoral Distribution of Enterprises in the EU, 1997 119
Figure 6.6 - Business Enterprises Expenditure on R&D (BERD) and overall Gross
Domestic Expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP 123
Figure 6.7a - Expenditure on Information Technology (hardware, software,
other services) and on Telecommunications Technology (telecommunications
equipment and services) as a percentage of GDP 128
Figure 6.7b - Price level and evolution in the telecommunications market (Euro) 128
Figure 6.7c - Percentage of households who have Internet access at home 129
7Figure 6.7d - Percentage of enterprises who have Internet access 129
Figure 6.8 - Venture Capital in EU and the US 135
Figure 6.9a - Spending on Human Resources: total public expenditure on
education as a percentage of GDP 142
Figure 6.9b - Data on Lifelong Learning: Percentage of population,
aged 25-64, participating in education and training 142
Figure 6.9c - Tertiary graduates in Science & Technology per 1000
population aged 20 to 29 years 143
Figure 6.9d - Demand for, and shortage of, ICT Skills in Europe, 1999,
as percent of total employment 144
Figure 6.11 - An Indicator of Regional Cohesion? The Coefficient of
variation of unemployment across regions (NUTS 2 level) within countries 156
Figure 6.12a