Qala'at al-Bahrain 3

Flemming Hojlund

Description

The capital of ancient Dilmun, Qala'at al-Bahrain, the most important archaeological site in East Arabia, was excavated in 1954-1978 by a Danish expedition from Moesgaard Museum. The first two volumes were published in 1994 and 1997, dealing with the northern city wall, the Islamic fortress and the central monumental buildings. The third volume covers the remaining 13 excavations, presenting their architectures and stratigraphies. A detailed treatment of the finds is given, stamp seals, inscriptions, figurines, incense burners, human bones, pottery, etc., dating from the late 3rd millennium to the Islamic period.

Sujets

• Islamic Studies
• Histoire
• Ancient Near East
• Archaeology
• Ancient history
• Ancient
• History

Informations

• Publié par: Aarhus University Press
• Date de parution: 05 novembre 2019
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9788793423411
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 19 Mo

Extrait

.
Qala'at al-Bahrain 3 The Western and Southern City Walls
.Qala'at al-Bahrain 3
Jutland Archaeological Society
The Western and
Southern City Walls
and other Excavations
111640_cover_AlBahrain 3_.indd 1 16/10/2019 09.39The Western and
Southern City Walls
and other Excavations
1
111640_qalaat al-bahrain_r1.indd 1 10/10/2019 10.222
111640_qalaat al-bahrain_r1.indd 2 10/10/2019 10.22The Carlsberg Foundation’s Gulf Project
Qala’at al-Bahrain
volume 3
The Western and Southern City Walls
and Other Excavations
by Flemming Højlund
With contributions by Jesper Eidem,
Judith Littleton, Ashley McGarry and Peter Stein
•Jutland Archaeological Society Moesgaard Museum
Bahrain Authority for Culture & Antiquities
2 3
111640_qalaat al-bahrain_r1.indd 2 10/10/2019 10.22 111640_qalaat al-bahrain_r1.indd 3 10/10/2019 10.22QALA’AT AL-BAHRAIN
VOLUME 3
THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN CITY WALLS AND OTHER EXCAVATIONS
Flemming Højlund © 2019
ISBN 978-87-93423-41-1
ISSN 0107-2854
Jutland Archaeological Society Publications vol. 30:3
Drawings: The excavators, Daniel Calderbank, Bendte Højholt Fischer, Flemming Højlund,
Karsten Mikkelsen, and Phine Wiborg
Digitization of plans, sections, and drawings: Nicolaj Duus Linnet, Alexander Østrup Jensen and Phine Wiborg
Photos: The excavators and Niels Bech, G. Franceschi, P.V. Glob, Pierre Lombard, Stine Wiell,
Photo and media Moesgaard/R.N. Johansen and Søren Vestergaard
English revision: Sharon E. Rhodes
Lay-out and cover: Louise Hilmar
E-book production: by Narayana Press
Published by Jutland Archaeological Society in cooperation with Moesgaard Museum,
and Bahrain Authority for Culture & Antiquities
Distributed by Aarhus University Press
Published with support from the Carlsberg Foundation
4
111640_qalaat al-bahrain_r1.indd 4 10/10/2019 10.22QALA’AT AL-BAHRAIN
VOLUME 3
THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN CITY WALLS AND OTHER EXCAVATIONS Contents
Flemming Højlund © 2019
ISBN 978-87-93423-28-2
ISSN 0107-2854
Jutland Archaeological Society Publications vol. 30:3
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
Drawings: The excavators, Daniel Calderbank, Bendte Højholt Fischer, Flemming Højlund,
Karsten Mikkelsen, and Phine Wiborg 2. The Western City Wall ...............................................................................................................................................................................11
Excavation 420 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................11Digitization of plans, sections, and drawings: Nicolaj Duus Linnet, Alexander Østrup Jensen and Phine Wiborg
Excavation 422 ............59Photos: The excavators and Niels Bech, G. Franceschi, P.V. Glob, Pierre Lombard, Stine Wiell,
Excavation 423 ............60Photo and media Moesgaard/R.N. Johansen and Søren Vestergaard
Excavation 424 ............61English revision: Sharon E. Rhodes
Lay-out and cover: Louise Hilmar 3. The Southern City Wall ............................................................................................................................................................................69
Excavation 425 ............69Printed by Narayana Press
Excavation 426 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................73Published by Jutland Archaeological Society in cooperation with Moesgaard Museum,
Excavation 427 ............75and Bahrain Authority for Culture & Antiquities
Excavation 428 ............89Distributed by Aarhus University Press
4. Other Excavations ...........................................................................................................................................................................................99
Excavation 430 ............99
Published with support from the Carlsberg Foundation Excavation 431 .........109
Excavation 432 .........122
Excavation 518 .........134
Excavation 421 .........153
Surface fnds, 521 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................155
5. Summary and conclusions................................................................................................................................................................157
Bibliography and abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................................................175
Appendix 1. Cuneiform Inscriptions ............................................................................................................................................179
By Jesper Eidem
Appendix 2. The Aramaic inscription on a jar from Qal’at al-Baḥrayn ..........................................181
By Peter Stein
Appendix 3. The Human Remains from Excavations
518 and 427, Qala’at al-Bahrain............................................................................................................................................................189
By Ashley McGarry and Judith Littleton
Appendix 4. Radiocarbon dates from Excavation 427 ..........................................................................................210
Appendix 5. Correlation with Kervran’s chronology.............................................................................................212
4 5
111640_qalaat al-bahrain_r1.indd 4 10/10/2019 10.22 111640_qalaat al-bahrain_r1.indd 5 10/10/2019 10.22thFig. 1. The tell of Qala’at al-Bahrain, looking E. A 16 -century Portuguese Fort crowns the tell. Excavations 420-428, 430-432,
and 518, presented in this volume, are marked, as are the previously published Excavations 519 and 520 (1970).
6
111640_qalaat al-bahrain_r1.indd 6 10/10/2019 10.22
430
431
428
432
520
519
427
426
518
425
421
420
424
423
4221. Introduction
During the frst campaign of the Danish Archaeolog - the following excavations: 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425,
ical Expedition to Bahrain, 1953/54, the tell below 426, 427, 428, 430, 431, 432 and 518 (fgs. 1-2), as well
ththe 16 -century AD Bahrain Fort (also known as the as the surface fnds from the tell (521).
Portuguese Fort) on the north coast was identifed Where relevant the published results of the later
by Peter V. Glob as the ancient capital of Bahrain (1977-) French excavations at Qala’at al-Bahrain
and named Qala’at al-Bahrain after the fort (fgs. 1-2) will be referenced (Kervran et al. 2005. Lombard &
(Glob 1954 p. 167. 1968). The frst sondage was put Kervran 1993. Lombard 2016).
into the mound in 1954 and excavations continued I gratefully acknowledge the help and support
until 1978, directed by P.V. Glob and Geoffrey Bibby. of the staff of the Bahrain Authority for Culture &
The feld work was fnanced primarily by the gov - Antiquities headed by Sheikha Mai Al Khalifa. I am
ernment of Bahrain, the Bahrain Petroleum Com- also indebted to Steffen T. Laursen and to two
anonpany, and the Carlsberg Foundation, to each of which ymous reviewers for their insightful comments.
we owe our sincere thanks.
In 1989, the Carlsberg Foundation decided to sup- In general, the chronology system for the Arabian
port the analysis and publication of the Danish exca- Gulf set up in 1994 (Qala’at 1) is referenced
throughvations in the Arabian Gulf through the Carlsberg out this volume (fg. 3). It covers the period from the
rdFoundation’s Gulf Project. This led to a major study late 3 millennium BC to the Islamic period (periods
in 1989-97 of the two largest excavations at Qala’at Ia-b, IIa-c, IIIa-c, IVa-d and Va-d) and was augmented
al-Bahrain, Excavation 520 and Excavation 519 (fgs. in 1997 in Qala’at 2 with the subdivision of period
1-2). The results were subsequently published in the IIIb into IIIb1 and IIIb2, and two new periods, IVe
monographs Qala’at al-Bahrain volume 1. The Northern and Ve. In subsequent editions the relative
chronolCity Wall and the Islamic Fortress (Højlund & Andersen ogy’s hypothesized relationship to absolute time has
1994, abbreviated as Qala’at 1 in the following) and changed slightly (Andersen & Højlund 2003 fg. 266.
Qala’at al-Bahrain volume 2. The Central Monumental Højlund 2007a p. 12-15, fg. 3).
Buildings (Højlund & Andersen 1997, abbreviated as Emphasis has been placed on the chronology of
rd ndQala’at 2 in the following). the 3 -2 millennium BC (Højlund 1987 p. 151-161.
Additionally, the following publications appeared Qala’at 1 p. 129-173. Højlund 2007a p. 11-15). This is
under the auspices of the Carlsberg Foundation’s essentially a relative chronology intended to
correGulf Project, The Island of Umm an-Nar volume 1: The late the internal chronologies of several major sites,
Third Millennium Graves (Frifelt 1991), The Island of namely Qala’at al-Bahrain, the Barbar temples, the
Umm an-Nar volume 2: The Third Millennium Settle- burial mounds, and Failaka Tell F3 and Tell F6.
ment (Frifelt 1995), Islamic Remains in Bahrain (Frifelt The main evidence for approaching an absolute
2001), and The Barbar Temples vols. 1-2 (Andersen & dating of the chronology by tying it to the
BabyloHøjlund 2003). nian Sequence (Middle Chronology) has been: 1)
With the publication of the present volume, imported Mesopotamian Ur III pottery in Qala’at
Qala’at al-Bahrain volume 3. The Western and South- al-Bahrain periods Ib and IIa; 2) the correlation of
ern City Walls and Other Excavations, comprising the Qala’at al-Bahrain period IIa pottery w