La saga d'Inga

François Misser

Description

Le site majestueux d'Inga où toute la force du fleuve Congo vient s'engouffrer dans un étroit goulot offre le plus grand potentiel hydroélectrique au monde. Voici l'aventure inachevée de la domestication de cette force sauvage, à peine entamée par la construction de deux barrages en 1972 et en 1982, Inga I et Inga II. Le développement de ce site d'une capacité équivalente à une quarantaine de centrales nucléaires peut apporter des services considérables à l'environnement, à condition que se restaure la confiance dans la capacité de l'Etat congolais à le gérer.

Sujets

• Économie
• Écologie
• Environnement
• Nature
• Développement
• Sociologie, société et politique

Informations

• Publié par: L'Harmattan
• Date de parution: 01 mai 2013
• Nombre de lectures: 2
• EAN13: 9782296536326
• Langue: Français
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 12 Mo

Extrait

afrikastudies

africains

cahiers

83

La saga d’Inga L’histoire des barrages du fleuve Congo

François Misser

&$+,(56 $)5,&$,16 $ ) 5 , . $ 6 7 8 ' , ( 6 Qƒ 



© Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale et © L’Harmattan, 2013 5-7, rue de l’Ecole-Polytechnique, 75005 Paris http://www.librairieharmattan.com [e-mail] [e-mail] ISBN : 978-2-343-00639-0 EAN : 9782343006390

) U D Q o R L V 0 L V V H U

/D VDJD G¶,QJD

L'histoire des barrages du fleuve Congo

Qƒ 



eGLWLRQV /¶+DUPDWWDQ  UXH GH O¶eFROH3RO\WHFKQLTXH  3DULV

/¶DXWHXU -RXUQDOLVWH HW FKHUFKHXU LQGpSHQGDQW GHSXLV  GLSO{Pp GH O¶eFROH VXSpULHXUH GH MRXUQDOLVPH GH /LOOH )UDQoRLV 0LVVHU D VXLYL UpJXOLqUHPHQW O¶DFWXDOLWp HQ $IULTXH FHQWUDOH DLQVL TXH OHV UHODWLRQV HQWUH SRXYRLU HW UHVVRXUFHV QDWXUHOOHV SOXV SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW GDQV OH GRPDLQH PLQLHU ,O HVW QRWDPPHQW O¶DXWHXU DYHF O¶pFRQRPLVWH 2OLYLHU 9DOOpH G¶XQ HVVDL LQWLWXOp/HV *HPPRFUDWLHV  O¶pFRQRPLH SROLWLTXH GX GLDPDQW DIULFDLQSXEOLp HQ  FKH] 'HVFOpH 'H %URXZHU 'HSXLV LO D PHQp GHV UHFKHUFKHV VXU OHV TXHVWLRQV pQHUJpWLTXHV GDQV OD UpJLRQ GHV *UDQGV /DFV SRXU SOXVLHXUV SXEOLFDWLRQV j FDUDFWqUH SURIHVVLRQQHO RX JpQpUDOLVWH

$XWUHV RXYUDJHV GH O¶DXWHXU 9HUV XQ QRXYHDX 5ZDQGD " (QWUHWLHQV DYHF 3DXO .DJDPH %UX[HOOHV3DULV  /XF 3LUH .DUWKDOD  /HV *HPPRFUDWLHV O¶pFRQRPLH SROLWLTXH GX GLDPDQW DIULFDLQHQ FROODERUDWLRQ DYHF 2OLYLHU 9DOOpH 3DULV  'HVFOpH GH %URXZHU 3DULV  0HUFHQDLUHV 6$HQ FROODERUDWLRQ DYHF 3KLOLSSH &KDSOHDX 3DULV  'HVFOpH GH %URXZHU  *pRSROLWLTXH GX &RQJR 5'&HQ FROODERUDWLRQ DYHF 0DULH)UDQFH &URV %UX[HOOHV  &RPSOH[H  /H &RQJR 5'& GH $ j =HQ FROODERUDWLRQ DYHF 0DULH)UDQFH &URV $QGUp 9HUVDLOOH pGLWHXU 

& $+,(56$)5,&$,16 ± $ )5,.$ 6 78',(6

0XVpH UR\DO GH O¶$IULTXH FHQWUDOH 05$& .RQLQNOLMN 0XVHXP YRRU 0LGGHQ$IULND .00$ 6HFWLRQ G¶+LVWRLUH GX 7HPSV SUpVHQW DQFLHQQHPHQW ,QVWLWXW DIULFDLQ&HGDI $IGHOLQJ (LJHQWLMGVH *HVFKLHGHQLV YRRUKHHQ $IULND ,QVWLWXXW$6'2&

6HFUpWDLUH GH UpGDFWLRQ  (GZLQH 6LPRQV

/HXYHQVHVWHHQZHJ   7HUYXUHQ 7pO       )D[       (PDLO  HGZLQHVLPRQV#DIULFDPXVHXPEH 6LWH  KWWSZZZDIULFDPXVHXPEHUHVHDUFKGHSWUHVHDUFKGHSWDIULFDLQVWLWXWHLQGH[BKWPO &RQGLWLRQV GH YHQWH  KWWSZZZDIULFDPXVHXPEHSXEOLFDWLRQV  SXEOLFDWLRQV#DIULFDPXVHXPEH

&RXYHUWXUH  &RQFHSWLRQ JUDSKLTXH  0LHNH 'XPRUWLHU 3KRWRV GH FRXYHUWXUH   DYDQW  )UDQN 3ROLGDQR,QJD  MXLQ  +XLOH VXU WRLOH  [  PP 7DEOHDX FRQ¿p DX 05$& SDU OD UHLQH )DELROD )% 0DOJUp QRV UHFKHUFKHV O¶D\DQWGURLW GH FHWWH °XYUH Q¶D PDOKHXUHXVHPHQW SDV SX rWUH UHWURXYp /¶DXWHXU RX VHV D\DQWGURLWV TXL SHXYHQW SURXYHU OHXU TXDOLWp VRQW LQYLWpV j VH IDLUH FRQQDvWUH DXSUqV GX 05$& VHUYLFH GHV 3XEOLFDWLRQV  DUULqUH  7KpRGRUH 7UHIRQ ‹ 05$&

/HV DFWLYLWpV GH OD 6HFWLRQ G¶+LVWRLUH GX 7HPSV SUpVHQW DQFLHQQHPHQW ,QVWLWXW DIULFDLQ&HGDI VRQW ¿QDQFpHV SDU OH 633 3ROLWLTXH VFLHQWL¿TXH HW SDU OD &RRSpUDWLRQ EHOJH DX GpYHORSSHPHQW

‹ 0XVpH UR\DO GH O¶$IULTXH FHQWUDOH HW /¶+DUPDWWDQ 

Sommaire

$YDQWSURSRV                                                                                              

3UpIDFH                                                                                                       

,QWURGXFWLRQ                                                                                             

&KDSLWUH   'H OD JHQqVH DX SUHPLHU EDUUDJH                                              /HV $PpULFDLQV PRQWUHQW OH ERXW GX QH]                                                          ,QJD , ¿OV GH OD JXHUUH IURLGH                                                                         /¶LQDXJXUDWLRQ  XQH GpPRQVWUDWLRQ GH PDVVH j OD GpYRWLRQ GX UpJLPH                  

&KDSLWUH   ,QJD ,, XQ © pOpSKDQW EODQF ª WUqV SROLWLTXH                                /D OLJQH ,QJD6KDED © FRED\H ª GH O¶LQGXVWULH pOHFWULTXH PRQGLDOH                       8Q PpJDEDUUDJH HQ JHVWDWLRQ  (') HQWUH HQ VFqQH                                          

&KDSLWUH   /H QDXIUDJH GH/D &KDVVH DX[ WUpVRUV                                       

&KDSLWUH   /HV DXWRURXWHV GH O¶pQHUJLH  GX &DS DX &DLUH                             /H Gp¿ VpFXULWDLUH                                                                                       /HV EDUUDJHV G¶,QJD PHQDFpV "                                                                      /HV DXWUHV LQWHUFRQQH[LRQV YHUV O¶$IULTXH DXVWUDOH HW O¶$IULTXH FHQWUDOH                

&KDSLWUH   (W O¶REVFXULWp IXW                                                                     /H SRLGV SROLWLTXH GH OD FRXSXUH                                                                    8Q RUGLQDLUH GpMj GLI¿FLOH                                                                             © /¶pOHFWULFLWp SURGXLW GH OX[H GDQV OHV YLOOHV FRQJRODLVHV ª                                 /H FR€W GX QRQ,QJD                                                                                   

&KDSLWUH   /H UHWRXU GHV EDLOOHXUV                                                             /¶DIIDLUH &RQVXOFR  ELHQV PDO DFTXLV ¿QLVVHQW SDU SUR¿WHU PDLV SDV j OD 61(/      /H GLDJQRVWLF VDQV DSSHO GHV VpQDWHXUV                                                            /D PHQDFH GX IRQGV YDXWRXU                                                                         4XDQG OD 61(/ WHQWH GH GULEEOHU OD %DQTXH                                                     /D UpKDELOLWDWLRQ GH OD *   DPRUFH G¶XQH UHQDLVVDQFH                                      /D ¿Q GH OD FKDVVH JDUGpH GH O¶2&'(                                                          

&KDSLWUH   ,QJD ,,,  SULRULWp QDWLRQDOH SOXW{W TXH UpJLRQDOH                       &DS VXU O¶$IULTXH DXVWUDOH                                                                           /H UHWRXU GHV DOXPLQLHUV                                                                              /D PRUW GX :HVWFRU                                                                                    (6.20 HW OD %DQTXH PRQGLDOH © WXHQW ª ,QJD ,,,                                            



/D VDJD G¶,QJD

,QJD ;  XQ PLQL,QJD ,,, "                                                                           /¶(XURSH DX[ DERQQpV DEVHQWV                                                                      8Q FDGUH LQVWLWXWLRQQHO VH PHW HQ SODFH SRXU UHQGUH SRVVLEOH ,QJD ,,,                  

&KDSLWUH   '¶,QJD ,,, j *UDQG ,QJD                                                        /D %$' GHYLHQW FKHI GH ¿OH                                                                        ,QJD ,,, WURS ULVTXp SRXU OD %$'                                                                  9HUV OD IXVLRQ GHV SURMHWV ,QJD ,,, HW *UDQG ,QJD SUHPLqUH SKDVH                         %+3 MHWWH O¶pSRQJH  OD IDXWH DX PDUFKp GH O¶DOXPLQLXP                                    (Q URXWH YHUV *UDQG ,QJD                                                                            /D UpJXODULWp GX FRXUV GX ÀHXYH &RQJR JDUDQWLH GH YLDELOLWp pFRQRPLTXH GX SURMHW                                                                                              *UDQG ,QJD HQMHX FRQWLQHQWDO                                                                      *UDQG ,QJD QRXYHO pOpSKDQW EODQF "                                                             +DUR VXU ,QJD                                                                                           5pRULHQWHU *UDQG ,QJD " 'HV SRLQWV GH YXH SDV QpFHVVDLUHPHQW LUUpFRQFLOLDEOHV     /H ULVTXH GX UpHQGHWWHPHQW                                                                         /¶LPSpUDWLI GH OD JRXYHUQDQFH                                                                     5HPDUTXHV                                                                                            

&KDSLWUH   /¶DYHQLU ,QJD HW OH FKDQJHPHQW FOLPDWLTXH                               /¶pWLDJH  UpYHLOOH OHV DSSpWLWV pOHFWULTXHV GH OD *pFDPLQHV HW GX .DWDQJD       9HUV XQH SKDVH SOXV LQVWDEOH HW SOXV © VqFKH ª VXU OH ÀHXYH                                /¶2XEDQJXL PRLQV ORQJWHPSV QDYLJDEOH TXH SDU OH SDVVp                                  %DLVVH GX QLYHDX GX ODF .LYX                                                                       (W GX 7DQJDQ\LND                                                                                      /¶K\SRWKqVH GX SDUWDJH GHV HDX[ DYHF OH 7FKDG                                               6HUYLFHV UHQGXV j OD OXWWH FRQWUH OH FKDQJHPHQW FOLPDWLTXH                                *UDQG ,QJD LQVWUXPHQW GH OXWWH FRQWUH OD GpIRUHVWDWLRQ                                    ¬ OD UHFKHUFKH GX PL[ LGpDO SRXU HQUD\HU OD GpIRUHVWDWLRQ                                 /¶K\GURJqQH  QRXYHDX SDFWROH "                                                                 

&RQFOXVLRQ ,QJD DHGL¿FDQGD HVW                                                              

,QGH[                                                                                                    %LEOLRJUDSKLH                                                                                         

Avant-propos

/H EDUUDJH K\GURpOpFWULTXH G¶,QJD 5' &RQJR HVW OD FOp GH YR€WH GH FHWWH pWXGH LQWHUVHFWRULHOOH HW )UDQoRLV 0LVVHU HQ HVW ORJLTXHPHQW O¶DXWHXU 3HX G¶H[SHUWV HQ HIIHW SRVVqGHQW VD FDSDFLWp GH VDLVLU OHV UHODWLRQV FRPSOH[HV HQWUH OHV VHFWHXUV JpRVWUDWpJLTXHV GX &RQJR 6D FRQQDLVVDQFH HQ SURIRQGHXU GHV UHVVRXUFHV UHQRXYHODEOHV HW QRQ UHQRXYHODEOHV GX SD\V DFFRXFKH LFL G¶XQ RXYUDJH OLVLEOH TXL VHUD DSSUpFLp SDU OHV H[SHUWV GX GpYHORSSHPHQW HW OHV GRQDWHXUV DLQVL TXH SDU XQ SXEOLF SOXV ODUJH LQWpUHVVp SDU OHV UHERQGLVVHPHQWV HW OHV WULEXODWLRQV GH OD VDJD GX GpYHORSSHPHQW GX &RQJR /H VW\OH GH FH OLYUH IUXLW G¶XQH UHFKHUFKH PpWLFXOHXVH SURYHQDQW GH OD OLWWpUDWXUH VXU OH VXMHW DLQVL TXH GHV HQWUHWLHQV PHQpV SDU O¶DXWHXU HVW FHOXL G¶XQ MRXUQDOLVWH DFFRPSOL TXL D FRXYHUW FHV GRVVLHUV GXUDQW SOXV G¶XQH WUHQWDLQH G¶DQQpHV

8QH JHVWLRQ DPpOLRUpH GH O¶pQHUJLH GHV IRUrWV GH O¶DJULFXOWXUH HW GHV VWUDWpJLHV GH UpGXFWLRQ GH OD SDXYUHWp OH GpYHORSSHPHQW PDFURpFRQRPLTXH HW PrPH OHV UHODWLRQV H[WpULHXUHV GX &RQJR GpSHQGHQW GH OD SXLVVDQFH K\GUR pOHFWULTXH G¶,QJD G¶XQH IDoRQ RX G¶XQH DXWUH ,QJD UHSUpVHQWH XQ LQWpUrW ORFDO PDLV DXVVL GHV HQMHX[ PDMHXUV SRXU OD FRPPXQDXWp LQWHUQDWLRQDOH GDQV VRQ FRPEDW FRQWUH OHV HIIHWV GX FKDQJHPHQW FOLPDWLTXH

7RXW HVW SULRULWp GDQV OD WHQWDWLYH GH UHFRQVWUXLUH O¶eWDW FRQJRODLV HW SRXU UpWDEOLU VD VRXYHUDLQHWp VXU VRQ KpULWDJH QDWXUHO ) 0LVVHU SODLGH GH PDQLqUH FRQYDLQFDQWH TXH VDQV LQYHVWLVVHPHQW VLJQL¿FDWLI GDQV ,QJD OH GpYHORSSHPHQW QDWLRQDO HW UpJLRQDO VHUD HQWUDYp '¶XQ °LO G¶DXGLWHXU ¿QDQFLHU O¶DXWHXU HVW DXVVL VHQVLEOH DX[ LPSOLFDWLRQV VRFLDOHV GX GpYHORSSHPHQW G¶,QJD

H /¶$IULTXH HVW OH FRQWLQHQW GX ;;, VLqFOH ,QJD FRPPH OH VRXOLJQH ) 0LVVHU UHFqOH OH SRWHQWLHO G¶DLGHU OH &RQJR j UHMRLQGUH OH UDQJ G¶DXWUHV SD\V DIULFDLQV TXL FRQQDLVVHQW OD FURLVVDQFH HW OH GpYHORSSHPHQW /H SRWHQWLHO FHUWHV PDLV OH PHVVDJH GH FH OLYUH HVW FODLU  WUDQVIRUPHU ,QJD HQ XQH ORFRPRWLYH SRXU OH FKDQJHPHQW HVW XQ Gp¿ SROLWLTXH /H YUDL GpEDW Q¶HVW SDV VHXOHPHQW WHFKQLTXH RX ¿QDQFLHU PDLV SRUWH DXVVL VXU OD ERQQH JRXYHUQDQFH

7KpRGRUH 7UHIRQ 0XVpH UR\DO GH O¶$IULTXH FHQWUDOH FKHI GH OD VHFWLRQ G¶+LVWRLUH GX 7HPSV SUpVHQW

Préface

&H OLYUH GH )UDQoRLV 0LVVHU VXU OD VDJD G¶,QJD VH OLW FRPPH XQ URPDQ j VXVSHQVH HW GpFULW GH PDQLqUH YLYDQWH OHV HQMHX[ OH FRQWH[WH OHV pYROXWLRQV HW OHV SHUVSHFWLYHV GH FH SURMHW VWUDWpJLTXH

,O HVW WUqV ELHQ GRFXPHQWp HW DXUDLW SX V¶DSSHOHU/D 6DJD LQDFKHYpH G¶,QJD WDQW OHV pYROXWLRQV IXWXUHV VHURQW VDQV GRXWH ULFKHV HQ UHERQGLVVHPHQWV /D TXHVWLRQ HVW VWUDWpJLTXH SRXU OH &RQJR VHV YRLVLQV GLUHFWV HW DXVVL SRXU O¶$IULTXH GX 6XG ,O V¶DJLW SUREDEOHPHQW DXMRXUG¶KXL GX SOXV JUDQG DWRXW SRWHQWLHO GH OD 5'& HQ PDWLqUH GH GpYHORSSHPHQW HW GH GLYHUVL¿FDWLRQ pFRQRPLTXH UDSLGH HW GXUDEOH GH FUpDWLRQ G¶HPSORLV GH OXWWH FRQWUH OD SDXYUHWp HW GH OXWWH FRQWUH OH UpFKDXIIHPHQW FOLPDWLTXH (Q RXWUH LO IDLW GH OD 5'& XQH GHV SODTXHV WRXUQDQWHV PDMHXUHV GH O¶LQWpJUDWLRQ pFRQRPLTXH UpJLRQDOH HQ $IULTXH HW HQ SDUWLFXOLHU DX QLYHDX GH O¶$IULTXH FHQWUDOH UpJLRQ OD SOXV GRWpH HQ UHVVRXUFHV QDWXUHOOHV GX FRQWLQHQW PDLV DXVVL OD PRLQV LQWpJUpH VXU OH SODQ pFRQRPLTXH

/¶DXWHXU SRLQWH GX GRLJW OD IDLEOHVVH OH PDQTXH GHOHDGHUVKLSGH HW PDvWULVH GX WHPSV TXL RQW VRXYHQW FDUDFWpULVp MXVTX¶LFL O¶eWDW FRQJRODLV GDQV OD PLVH HQ YDOHXU HW OD JHVWLRQ GX VLWH 'DQV XQ WHO FRQWH[WH FH VRQW FHUWDLQV SDUWHQDLUHV GH OD 5'& HW QRWDPPHQW O¶$IULTXH GX 6XG HW OD %DQTXH DIULFDLQH GH GpYHORSSHPHQW %$' TXL PqQHQW OD PDQ°XYUH WDQGLV TXH O¶eWDW FRQJRODLV SHLQH MXVTX¶LFL j IDLUH SUpYDORLU VHV UpHOV LQWpUrWV j PR\HQ HW j ORQJ WHUPH

/¶RXYUDJH GpP\VWL¿H DXVVL FHUWDLQHV RSWLRQV SHX UpDOLVWHV VXU OH SODQ pFRQRPLTXH (Q SUHPLHU OLHX ¿JXUH FHOOH TXL FRQVLVWHUDLW j DOLPHQWHU HQ SDUWLH O¶(XURSH HW XQH ERQQH SDUW GX FRQWLQHQW DIULFDLQ HQ pQHUJLH SURSUH HW SHX FR€WHXVH j SDUWLU G¶,QJD &HOD HVW FHUWHV WHFKQLTXHPHQW SRVVLEOH PDLV QH VHUDLW SDV IRUFpPHQW GH O¶LQWpUrW GX &RQJR REOLJp G¶XQH SDUW GH V¶HQGHWWHU j JUDQGH pFKHOOH SRXU OD UpDOLVDWLRQ GH *UDQG ,QJD HW G¶DXWUH SDUW GH WHQLU FRPSWH GH O¶DPRUWLVVHPHQW GH FR€WHXVHV OLJQHV j KDXWH WHQVLRQ HW j ORQJXH GLVWDQFH FH TXL O¶REOLJHUDLW j DFFHSWHU GHV WDULIV H[XVLQH DX ¿QDO H[WUrPHPHQW SHX DYDQWDJHX[ SRXU OXL

(QVXLWH FH OLYUH UHPHW HQ TXHVWLRQ OH IDLW TX¶,QJD SXLVVH UpSRQGUH j O¶HQVHPEOH GHV EHVRLQV GH OD 5'& \ FRPSULV GHV ]RQHV UXUDOHV (Q SUDWLTXH O¶pOHFWULFLWp SURGXLWH j ,QJD D SRXU YRFDWLRQ SULQFLSDOH G¶rWUH FRQVRPPpH SDU