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IP Smart Object networks also referred to as LLN Low power and Lossy Networks have unique characteristics and requirements Indeed by contrast with “typical” IP networks where powerful routers are interconnected by highly stable links LLNs are usually interconnected by low power low bandwidth links offering between a few Kbits s and a few hundreds of Kbits s In addition to providing limited bandwidth such links especially wireless are usually extremely unstable with high BER Bit Error Rate It is not unusual to see the PDR Packet Delivery Rate oscillating between and with large bursts of unpredictable errors and even loss of connectivity for some period of time Note that such behavior can be observed both for RF links such as IEEE and PLC links that exhibit similar behaviors Another characteristic of IP smart objects is that node failures for example due to energy depletion are significantly more frequent than in traditional IP networks where nodes are main powered highly redundant multi processors supporting non stop forwarding Another key characteristic is that LLNs do need to scale Some LLNs can be made of dozens and even hundreds of thousands of nodes This explains why specifying protocols for very large scale constrained and unstable environments bring its own sets of challenges For the sake of illustration other topics are discussed later one of the golden rules was to under react to failure by contrast with routing protocols such as OSPF or ISIS where the network needs to re converge within a few dozens of milliseconds This required a real paradigm shift since over reaction would lead to network collapse very rapidly Furthermore control plane overhead had to be minimized while supporting dynamic link node metrics MTR and so forth With these physical constraints and requirements this paper provides a rough first draft at describing the challenges in securing both LLNs and IP smart objects
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IP Smart Object networks also referred to as LLN Low power and Lossy Networks have unique characteristics and requirements Indeed by contrast with “typical” IP networks where powerful routers are interconnected by highly stable links LLNs are usually interconnected by low power low bandwidth links offering between a few Kbits s and a few hundreds of Kbits s In addition to providing limited bandwidth such links especially wireless are usually extremely unstable with high BER Bit Error Rate It is not unusual to see the PDR Packet Delivery Rate oscillating between and with large bursts of unpredictable errors and even loss of connectivity for some period of time Note that such behavior can be observed both for RF links such as IEEE and PLC links that exhibit similar behaviors Another characteristic of IP smart objects is that node failures for example due to energy depletion are significantly more frequent than in traditional IP networks where nodes are main powered highly redundant multi processors supporting non stop forwarding Another key characteristic is that LLNs do need to scale Some LLNs can be made of dozens and even hundreds of thousands of nodes This explains why specifying protocols for very large scale constrained and unstable environments bring its own sets of challenges For the sake of illustration other topics are discussed later one of the golden rules was to under react to failure by contrast with routing protocols such as OSPF or ISIS where the network needs to re converge within a few dozens of milliseconds This required a real paradigm shift since over reaction would lead to network collapse very rapidly Furthermore control plane overhead had to be minimized while supporting dynamic link node metrics MTR and so forth With these physical constraints and requirements this paper provides a rough first draft at describing the challenges in securing both LLNs and IP smart objects
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