Taylor Bell amicus

Jms

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• Publié par: teleramafr
• Publié le: 23 décembre 2015
• Nombre de lectures: 3 752
• Langue: English

Extrait

No. 15-666 __________________________________________ In the Supreme Court of the United States _____ ____ T AYLOR B ELL , Petitioner , V . I TAWAMBA C OUNTY S CHOOL B OARD , Respondent . _____ ____ On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court Of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ______ ___ AMICI CURIAE BRIEF OF ERIK NIELSON, CHARIS E. KUBRIN, TRAVIS L. GOSA, MICHAEL RENDER (AKA “KILLER MIKE”) AND OTHER SCHOLARS AND ARTISTS IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER _____ ____  C HARLES “C HAD ”B ARUCH Counsel of Record  C OYT R ANDAL J OHNSTON J R .  J OHNSTON T OBEY B ARUCH  3308 Oak Grove Avenue  Dallas, Texas 75204 [phone] [e-mail] Counsel for Amici Curiae __________________________________________ L EGAL P RINTERS LLC , Washington DC ! 202-747-2400 ! legalprinters.com

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents ........................................................ i Table of Authorities ................................................... ii Interests of Amici Curiae ........................1................... Summary of Argument .............................................. 3 Argument.................................................................... 6 A. “Fight the power”: The politics of hip hop .......... 6

B. “Put my Glock away, I got a stronger weapon that never runs out of ammunition”: The non- literal rhetoric of hip hop .................................. 12

C. “They ain’t scared of rap music—they scared of us”: Rap’s bad rap .............................................. 19

Conclusion ................................................................ 23

Cases

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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Brown v. Entm’t Merchants Ass’n , 131 S. Ct. 2729 (2011)..................................................................... 4

United States v. Playboy Entm’t Group, Inc. , 529 U.S. 803 (2000)...................................................... 4

Songs & Films

8M ILE ............................ 14(Universal Pictures 2002)

B OB M ARLEY , I Shot the Sheriff, on B URNIN ’ (Island Records 1973) ...................................................... 19

E-40, It’s On, On Sight, on T HE E LEMENT OF S URPRISE (Jive & Sick Wid It Records 1998) 15-16

E MINEM , Kim, on T HE M ARSHALL M ATHERS LP (Interscope Records, Aftermath Entertainment & Shady Records 2000) .......................................... 17

E RIC C LAPTON , I Shot the Sheriff, on 461O CEAN B OULEVARD 19(RSO 1974)......................................

G UCCI M ANE , Texas Margarita, on B RICK F ACTORY : V OLUME I (available for download from www.livemixtapes.com 2014) ........................ 15-16

I CE C UBE , We Had to Tear this Mothafucka Up , on T HE P REDATOR (Priority Records & EMI 1992) . 18

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J OEY BADA$$, Aim High , (single available for download on www.avscion.com 2015) ........... 16-17 J OHNNY C ASH , Delia’s Gone, on T HE S OUND OF J OHNNY C ASH ....... 18-19(Columbia Records 1962) J OHNNY C ASH , Folsom Prison Blues, on A T S AN Q UENTIN .................... 18(Columbia Records 1969) K ENDRICK L AMAR , Let Me Be Me, on K ENDRICK L AMAR (Top Dawg Entertainment 2009) ...... 16-17 K ILLER M IKE , Butane, on R.A.P.M USIC (Williams Street Records 2012)........................................... 17 L IL W AYNE , Bill Gates,on IA M N OT AH UMAN B EING (Young Money, Cash Money & Universal Motown 2010) ............................................................... 15-16 N AS , Breathe, on U NTITLED (Def Jam Recordings & Columbia Records 2008) ................................ 16-17 N AS , Ether , on S TILLMATIC (Ill Will Records & Columbia Records 2001) ..................................... 14 R ICK R OSS , Burn, on H OOD B ILLIONAIRE (Maybach Music Group, Def Jam Recordings & Slip-n-Slide Records 2014) ...................................................... 18 S CARFACE , Diary of a Madman, on M R .S CARFACE IS B ACK (Rap-A-Lot Records 1991).................... 15-16 W AKA F LOCKA F LAME , Where It At, on D U F LOCKA R ANT :H ALF -T IME S HOW (available for download on www.livemixtapes.com 2013) ................... 15-16

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Miscellaneous Mary E. Ballard, Doris G. Bazzini & Alan R. Dodson, Genre of Music and Lyrical Content: Expectation Effects , 160 J.G ENETIC P SYCH ... 20-21. 476 (1999) Amy Binder, Constructing a Racial Rhetoric: Media Depictions of Harm in Heavy Metal and Rap Music , 58 A M .S OC .R EV ................... 21. 753 (1993) P ETER B LECHA ,T ABOO T UNES :AH ISTORY OF B ANNED B ANDS AND C ENSORED S ONGS (2014) .................... 9 Galen V. Bodenhausen & Meryl Lichtenstein, Social Stereotypes and Information-Processing Strategies: The Impact of Task Complexity , 52 J. P ERSON .&S OC .P SYCH 20. 871 (1987)..................... A DAM B RADLEY ,B OOK OF R HYMES :T HE P OETICS OF H IP H OP (2009) ............................................... 14-15 P AUL B UTLER ,L ET ’ S G ET F REE :AH IP -H OP T HEORY OF J USTICE (2010)....................................................... 7 J EFF C HANG ,C AN ’ T S TOP ,W ON ’ T S TOP :AH ISTORY OF THE H IP H OP G ENERATION (2005) ......................... 8 Andrea L. Dennis, Poetic (In)Justice? Rap Music Lyrics as Art, Life, and Criminal Evidence , 31 C OLUM .J.L.&A RTS .............................. 151 (2007) Patricia G. Devine, Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components , 56 J. P ERSON .&S OC .P SYCH . 5 (1989)......................... 20

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Travis L. Dixon & Daniel G. Linz, Obscenity Law and Sexually Explicit Rap Music: Understanding the Effects of Sex, Attitudes, and Beliefs , 25 J. A PPLIED C OMM .R ES ... 9-10, 23. 217, 219-20 (1997) Christopher Emdin, Affiliation and Alienation: Hip- Hop, Rap, and Urban Science Education , 42 J. C URRICULUM S TUD . 1 (2010) ............................... 11 Stuart P. Fischoff, Gangsta’ Rap and a Murder in Bakersfield , 29 J.A PPLIED S OC .P SYCH . 795  (1999)................................................................... 22 Carrie B. Fried, Who’s Afraid of Rap: Differential Reactions to Music Lyrics , 29 J.A PPLIED S OC . P SYCH .23705 (1999) ............................................... Henry Louis Gates Jr., Foreword to T HE A NTHOLOGY OF R AP (Adam Bradley & Andrew DuBois eds., 2011) .................................................................... 13 Travis L. Gosa, The Fifth Element: Knowledge , in T HE C AMBRIDGE C OMPANION TO H IP -H OP (Justin A. Williams ed., 2015)........................................... 8 David L. Hamilton, A Cognitive-Attributional Analysis of Stereotyping , 12 A DVANCES IN E XPERIMENTAL S OC .P SYCH . 53 (1979)................ 20 Mark Lamont Hill & Emery Petchauer, S CHOOLING H IP -H OP :E XPANDING H IP -H OP B ASED E DUCATION A CROSS THE C URRICULUM (2013) ........................ 11

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Hip Hop on Trial Debate (June 27, 2012), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3-7Y0xG89Q (last visited December 12, 2015) ........................ 10 Langston Hughes , The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain, in T HE N ORTON A NTHOLOGY OF A FRICAN A MERICAN L ITERATURE (Henry Louis Gates Jr., et al ., eds. 2d ed. 2004) ...................... 19 J AY -Z,D ECODED (2011) ............................................ 10 James D. Johnson, Brad J. Bushman & John F. Dovidio, Support for Harmful Treatment and Reduction of Empathy Toward Blacks: “Remnants” of Stereotype Activation Among Hurricane Katrina and “Lil’ Kim,” 44 J. E XPERIMENTAL S OC .P SYCH 22. 1506 (2008)............ James D. Johnson, Sophie Trawalter & John F. Dovidio, Converging Interracial Consequences of Exposure to Violent Rap Music on Stereotypical Attributions of Blacks , 36 J.E XPERIMENTAL S OC . P SYCH . 233 (2000) ............................................... 22 C HERYL L.K EYES ,R AP M USIC AND S TREET C ONSCIOUSNESS (2002) ......................................... 6 Bakari Kitwana & Elizabeth Méndez Berry, It’s Bigger Than Barack: Hip Hop Political Organizing, 2004-2013 , in T HE H IP H OP &O BAMA R EADER (Travis L. Gosa & Erik Nielson eds., 2015) .................................................................... 11

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Charis E. Kubrin, Gangstas, Thugs, and Hustlas: Identity and the Code of the Street in Rap Music , 52 S OC .P ROB . 360 (2005) .................................... 15 Charis E. Kubrin & Erik Nielson, Rap on Trial , 4 R ACE &J UST . 185 (2014)....................................... 9 Ziva Kunda & Steven J. Spencer, When Do Stereotypes Come to Mind and When Do They Color Judgment? A Goal-Based Theoretical Framework for Stereotype Activation and Application , 129 P SYCH .B ULL . 522 (2003) ......... 20 Theresa A. Martinez, Popular Culture as Oppositional Culture: Rap as Resistance , 40 S OC . P ERSP . 265 (1997).................................................. 9 Matthias Mauch, Robert M. MacCallum, Mark Levy & Armand M. Leroi, The Evolution of Popular Music: USA 1960-2010 , R OYAL S OCIETY O PEN S CIENCE 1 (2015), http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/ royopensci/2/5/150081.full.pdf .............................. 7 Erik Nielson, “Here Come the Cops”: Policing the Resistance in Rap Music , 15 I NT ’ L J.C ULTURAL S TUD ................................................. 10. 349 (2011) Jo Piazza, Tupac Song Selected for Vatican Playlist , CNN (Dec. 4, 2009), http://edition. cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/04/tupacvatica n.playlist/ ............................................................ 12 E MMETT G.P RICE III,H IP H OP C ULTURE (2006)........ 7

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E ITHNE Q UINN ,N UTHIN ’B UT A “G”T HANG (2004) ... 13 Michael Render & Erik Nielson, Rap Lyrics Are Fiction—But Prosecutors Are Treating Them Like Admissions of Guilt , V OX (Mar. 26, 2015), http://www.vox.com /2015/3/26/8291871/rap- lyrics-mac-phipps................................................ 13 Peter J. Rentfrow & Samuel D. Gosling, The Content and Validity of Music-Genre Stereotypes Among College Students , 35 P SYCH . OF M USIC 306  (2007)................................................................... 21 T RICIA R OSE ,B LACK N OISE :R AP M USIC AND B LACK C ULTURE IN C ONTEMPORARY A MERICA  (1994)............................................................... 9, 10 Laurie A. Rudman & Matthew R. Lee, Implicit and Explicit Consequences of Exposure to Violent and Misogynous Rap Music , 5 G ROUP P ROCESSES & I NTERGROUP R ELATIONS 22133 (2002).................... L ESTER K.S PENCE ,S TARE IN THE D ARKNESS :T HE L IMITS OF H IP -H OP AND B LACK P OLITICS  (2011)................................................................... 11 S TEVE S TOUTE ,T HE T ANNING OF A MERICA :H OW H IP - H OP C REATED AC ULTURE THAT R EWROTE THE R ULES OF THE N EW E CONOMY (2011) .................... 7

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INTERESTS OF AMICI CURIAE 1

Erik Nielson is Assistant Professor of Liberal Arts at the University of Richmond. He has published peer-reviewed articles on African American music and poetry—with a particular emphasis on rap music—and is co-editor of The Hip Hop & Obama Reader . Nielson writes regularly on race, politics, and popular culture for national media outlets such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Atlantic,  and NPR . He has served as an expert witness or consultant in criminal cases involving rap music as evidence.

Charis E. Kubrin is Professor of Criminology, Law & Society at the University of California, Irvine. She has written or edited five books and has published dozens of peer-reviewed articles, many of which focus on the intersection of music, culture, and social identity. Her writing has been featured in the The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, Forbes, and  CNN . She has served as an expert witness or consultant in criminal cases involving rap music as evidence. She recently gave a TED Talk entitled “The Threatening Nature of…Rap Music?” Travis L. Gosa is Assistant Professor of Africana Studies at Cornell University, where his 1 As required by Rule 37.6, Amici Curiae state that no counsel for a party authored this brief in whole or in part, and no counsel or party made a monetary contribution intended to fund the preparation or submission of this brief. No one besides Amici Curiae or their counsel made a monetary contribution to preparation and submission of this brief. Counsel of record received timely notice of the intent to file this brief under Rule 37.2(a), and the parties have provided written consent for the filing of this brief.

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research and teaching focus on hip hop culture, educational inequality, and African American youth. He serves on the advisory board of Cornell’s Hip Hop Collection, the largest archive on early hip hop culture in the United States. His book, School of Hard Knocks: Hip Hop and the Fight for Equal Education , will be published in 2016. He is the co- editor of The Hip Hop & Obama Reader , which centers on contemporary politics, activism, and social change.

Michael Render (aka “Killer Mike”) is a Grammy-winning rapper, activist, author, and public speaker. His recent album with rapper and producer El-P, Run the Jewels 2 , was the most critically acclaimed record of the year in 2014. When he isn’t recording or performing, he can be found in television studios or university lecture halls talking about a wide range of issues, particularly those related to race and social justice. He performs as Killer Mike—but for this brief, in particular, it probably is worth noting that he has never actually killed anyone.

Additional Amici

Artists: T.I. Big Boi Pharoahe Monch Boots Riley Toni Blackman Jasiri X Favianna Rodriguez