COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS AND ENZYME INCLUSION IN DIETS OF LAYING BIRDS (COMPARACIÓN DE LOS EFECTOS DE LA INCLUSIÓN DE ANTIBIÓTICOS Y ENZIMAS EN DIETAS PARA PONEDORAS)

Dipeolu M.A.

Description

Abstract
A study was conducted to compare the effects of enzyme and antibiotic inclusion in diets for laying birds. The inclusion of enzyme alone or enzyme alternated with antibiotic (enzyme/ antibiotic) in a standard diet for laying birds had the best egg productive performance in terms of eggs produced/hen day and feed/kg egg. Body weight was highest in the diets where enzyme/ antibiotic was given. Egg quality in terms of egg weight and Haugh units were highest in the hens given diets containing either enzyme alone or enzyme/antibiotic. The egg quality indices such as egg shape index, egg composition values, yolk colour and blood spots were not affected by the diets. Antibiotic residues were recorded in eggs from laying birds fed with diets containing antibiotics alone and enzyme/antibiotic diet.
Resumen
Se realizó un estudio para comparar los efectos de la inclusión de enzimas y antibióticos en la dieta de ponedoras. La inclusión de enzima solo o enzima alternado con antibiótico (enzima/ antibiótico) en una dieta estándar para ponedoras tiene el mejor efecto sobre la producción de huevos por gallina día y pienso por kg de huevos. El peso corporal fue mayor en las dietas donde se administró enzima/antibiótico. La calidad de los huevos, en términos de peso o unidades Haugh, fue mayor en las gallinas que recibieron enzima solo o enzima/antibiótico. Los índices de calidad del huevo como la forma, composición, color de la yema y manchas de sangre, no fueron afectados por las dietas. Se registraron residuos de antibióticos en los huevos de las gallinas alimentadas con dietas que contenían antibióticos solo o enzima/antibiótico.

Informations

• Publié par: erevistas
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2005
• Nombre de lectures: 12
• Langue: English

Extrait

COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS AND ENZYME
INCLUSION IN DIETS OF LAYING BIRDS
COMPARACIÓN DE LOS EFECTOS DE LA INCLUSIÓN DE ANTIBIÓTICOS Y ENZIMAS
EN DIETAS PARA PONEDORAS
1 2 2 2 2Dipeolu, M.A. , D. Eruvbetine , E.B. Oguntona , O.O. Bankole and K.S. Sowunmi
1College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Agriculture. P.M.B. 2240. Abeokuta. Nigeria.
2College of Animal Science and Livestock Production. University of Agriculture. P.M.B. 2240. Abeokuta.
Nigeria.
ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS PALABRAS CLAVE ADICIONALES
Productive performance. Egg quality. Eficacia productiva. Calidad de huevos.
SUMMARY
A study was conducted to compare the solo o enzima alternado con antibiótico (enzima/
effects of enzyme and antibiotic inclusion in diets antibiótico) en una dieta estándar para ponedoras
for laying birds. The inclusion of enzyme alone or tiene el mejor efecto sobre la producción de
enzyme alternated with antibiotic (enzyme/ huevos por gallina día y pienso por kg de huevos.
antibiotic) in a standard diet for laying birds had El peso corporal fue mayor en las dietas donde
the best egg productive performance in terms of se administró enzima/antibiótico. La calidad de
eggs produced/hen day and feed/kg egg. Body los huevos, en términos de peso o unidades
weight was highest in the diets where enzyme/ Haugh, fue mayor en las gallinas que recibieron
antibiotic was given. Egg quality in terms of egg enzima solo o enzima/antibiótico. Los índices de
weight and Haugh units were highest in the hens calidad del huevo como la forma, composición,
given diets containing either enzyme alone or color de la yema y manchas de sangre, no fueron
enzyme/antibiotic. The egg quality indices such afectados por las dietas. Se registraron residuos
as egg shape index, egg composition values, yolk de antibióticos en los huevos de las gallinas
colour and blood spots were not affected by the alimentadas con dietas que contenían antibióticos
diets. Antibiotic residues were recorded in eggs solo o enzima/antibiótico.
from laying birds fed with diets containing
antibiotics alone and enzyme/antibiotic diet.
INTRODUCTION
Feed additives are included in dietsRESUMEN
for poultry in order to increase
Se realizó un estudio para comparar los production by improving nutrient
efectos de la inclusión de enzimas y antibióticos availability. Antibiotics as feed additives
en la dieta de ponedoras. La inclusión de enzima act as growth promoters by preventing
Arch. Zootec. 54: 3-11. 2005.DIPEOLU, ERUVBETINE, OGUNTONA, BANKOLE AND SOWUNMI
disease occurrence and the treatment diets of laying birds on performance
of existing diseases, thus improving the characteristics and egg quality para-
efficiency of animal production. Of meters.
recent, the use of antibiotics as growth
promoter in diets for layers is being
MATERIALS AND METHODSdiscouraged. In the European Union
(as in many developed countries),
EXPERIMENTAL BIRDSinclusion of antibiotics in animal feed is
The study was carried out at theforbidden. This is because residues of
Teaching and Research Farm, Univer-these drugs may appear in eggs
sity of Agriculture Abeokuta Ogunconstituting potential health hazards to
State Nigeria (Latitude 7° 5.5' - 3° 2'the consumers. The major health risks
and Longitude 3° 11.2' - 3° 2.5' andassociated with these groups of drugs
altitude 76 MASL), situated in the rainare the development of drug resistance
forest vegetation zone. The area has ain the exposed individuals, hypersen-
humid climate with mean annual rainfallsitivity reactions and the development
and temperature of 1037mm and 34.7°Cof resistant micro-organisms to
respectively and average relativeantibiotics in human beings (Schothrost
humidity of 82 percent. A total of Oneet al., 1978, DuPont and Steele, 1987).
hundred and eighty (180) 30-week oldEnzymes have also been found to
Nera pullets (14 weeks in lay) werebe useful feed additives in poultry
used for the study. The birds wereproduction.
divided into 4 groups of 45 birds each.In layer diets, corn serves as the
Each group was further divided intomajor energy source, while ingredients
three sub-groups of 15 birds each, thesesuch as soybean meal and groundnut
serve as replicates. Four experimentalmeal serve as the major sources of
diets were fed to each of the 4 groupsplant protein. However, there is a great
of birds. The basic diet given in tabledeal of variation in the composition of
I represents a typical layer dietthese ingredients. Changes in the
commonly used in the South-Westerncomposition will influence the perfor-
part of Nigeria. This contains corn andmance of the birds (Aman and Graham,
wheat offal as the major energy source,1990). Addition of enzymes such as
with soybean meal, groundnut mealamylase and xylanase are useful in the
and palm kernel meal serving as theutilization of the non-starch poly-
protein sources.saccharide component of the ingre-
The basic diet was then supple-dients, while others such as proteases
mented with enzymes and tetracyclinemay enhance the utilization of protein
antibiotic as the treatment groups. Thecompounds. All in all, enzymes increase
first treatment (T ) was given to thethe effectiveness of nutrient utilization 1
group one birds which serve as theresulting in improved performance
(Acamovic, 2001). control for the study. This treatment is
This study was conducted to com- made up of the basic diet that was
pare the effects of inclusion of enzymes neither supplemented with enzyme or
and antibiotics as feed additives in antibiotic. In treatment 2, (T ) the diet
2
Archivos de zootecnia vol. 54, núm. 205, p. 4.ANTIBIOTICS AND ENZYME INCLUSION IN DIETS OF LAYING BIRDS
Table I. Composition of experimental diet (g/kg). (Composición de la dieta experimental (g/kg)).
Ingredients Experimental Diet
T T T T
1 2 3 4
Corn 450.0 450.0 450.0 450.0
Wheat Offal 145.0 145.0 145.0 145.0
Soybean meal 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Groundnut cake 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Palm kernel cake 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Fish meal 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Bone meal 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Oyster shell 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0
1Vit/Min Premix 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Sodium chloride 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Enzyme (Avizyme 1500; 200mg/kg) - - + -
Tetracycline Antibiotic (200mg/kg) - + - -
Enzyme/Antibiotic - - - +
Calculated Nutrient Content
Crude protein (g/kg) 165
Calcium (g/kg) 34.4
Phosphorus (g/kg) 5.2
Lysine (g/kg) 8.4
Methionine (g/kg) 2.9
Metaboliable energy (MJ/kg) 11.01
1Vitamin mineral premix contains the following (per kg diet): retinal acetate 1.65 mg, cholicalceferol 27.5
µg/, dl α tocopherol acetate 10 mg, riboflavin 4.4 mg, calcium pantothenate 12 mg, nicotinic acid 44 mg,
choline chloride 220 mg, cyanocobalamin 6.6 µg, pyridoxine 2.2 mg, menadione 1.1 mg, folic acid 0.55
mg, d-biotin 0.11 mg, thiamine mononitrate 2.2 mg, ethoxyquin 125 mg, manganese sulphate 60 mg, zinc
oxide 50 mg, iron 30 mg, sodium selenate 0.1 mg, copper carbonate 1.5 mg.
was supplemented with feed-grade alternately on a weekly basis. This
tetracycline antibiotic at a level of 200 was done to see the effect of each of
mg/kg. In treatment 3 (T ), the diet these additives in the bird after one
3
was supplemented with enzyme week of administration. The study
(Avizyme 1500®) at a level of 200 mg/ lasted for a total of 28 laying weeks.
kg. The enzyme which is a mixed The birds were all raised in standard
enzyme contained α-amylase (EC battery cages with feed and water
3.2.1.1, 400 U/g) xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8, given ad libitum. All birds were
300 U/g), protease (EC 3.4.21.62, 400 subjected to standard management
U/g) and pectinase (EC 3.2.1.25, 25 practices. Birds were weighed at the
U/g) (Finfeeds International Ltd.). In commencement of the study and at the
treatment 4, tetracycline antibiotic and end of the study. Records of egg
enzyme were added to the basic diet production were kept on a daily basis
Archivos de zootecnia vol. 54, núm. 205, p. 5.DIPEOLU, ERUVBETINE, OGUNTONA, BANKOLE AND SOWUNMI
while those of feed intake were taken aid of an egg separator and yolk weight
on a weekly basis. determined. The thickness of the shell
was measured by the use of a
DETERMINATION OF EGG QUALITY micrometer screw gauge. The shell
A total of 36 eggs were collected was then air-dried to constant weight
weekly for measurement of external before the weight of the shell
and internal egg quality parameters. determined.
For external parameters the eggs were
weighed within 24 hrs of lay, thereafter DETERMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES IN
the length and breadth of each egg EGG
were measured to the nearest 0.01 cm A total of 36 eggs, comprising of 3
using vernier callipers. For internal egg eggs from each replicate were sampled
quality parameters, the eggs were on a weekly basis for 8 weeks for the
broken onto a flat glass plate and the determination of antibiotic residues.
height of the albumen determined using The residues of tetracycline antibiotic
a spherometer. Haugh unit values were in the eggs were assayed by micro-
calculated using the formula of Haugh biological assay method (diffusion agar
(Vadehra, 1974). Yolk colour was technique). A modification of the assa